大功率离心泵是调水工程的关键装备，在含沙水流输送中面临过流部件磨损引发的效率下降和寿命缩短的难题。本文针对固液两相流动数值模拟精度不足、颗粒碰撞参数难以定量表征及磨损机理不明确等科学问题，通过理论分析、数值模拟和试验测量相结合的手段，深入揭示离心泵内固液两相流动机理与磨损机理，并提出了抗磨减损的仿生结构设计方法。 数值模拟方法方面，建立了考虑湍流强度影响的修正阻力模型，通过引入Kolmogorov长度尺度与粒径的关联函数，提升了液相脉动速度预测精度，垂直上升管算例的预测误差由常规模型的16.11%降至10.01%。同时，建立了考虑不同撞击角度效应的修正磨损模型，通过结合颗粒斯托克斯数与高次余弦函数，优化了不同撞击角度效应表征能力，45°夹角射流磨损算例的预测误差从13.39%降至0.23%。在此基础上，基于双向耦合欧拉-拉格朗日框架构建了固液两相流和磨损数值模型。 自主设计并搭建了离心泵固液两相流动可视化试验平台，提出了基于时空坐标变换与动态边界耦合的颗粒运动解析算法，实现了旋转叶轮内颗粒轨迹重构及碰撞参数定量表征。基于概率密度分析了不同粒径和流量参数下颗粒运动特征及碰撞特征参数的影响规律。试验结果发现，2-4mm粒径下颗粒碰撞主导模式为压力面碰撞概率超70%，碰撞角度区间为0°~30°。 基于本文修正的数值模型研究了离心泵两相流及磨损特性，揭示了颗粒粒径和浓度对压力脉动及磨损的影响机理，提出了基于Stp =1的磨损评价方法。颗粒浓度通过增强湍流扰动放大压力脉动幅值，而粒径变化引发惯性团聚与剪切扰动的动态竞争，导致压力脉动幅值呈现区域差异性。粒径通过调控惯性及扩散效应改变磨损模式，平均磨损率随粒径增大呈先降后升趋势，转折点对应Stp =1；小粒径对应Stp <1，磨损由颗粒撞击速度及角度主导；大粒径对应Stp≥1，磨损由颗粒撞击数量主导。 基于沙漠生物抗磨损结构特征，提出了叶轮抗磨减损的仿生结构设计方法，采用四色涂层定损开展试验测量，试验结果表明，在4mm粒径下仿生叶轮平均磨损面积较原型叶轮减少8.58%，验证了仿生结构设计方法的有效性。 本文提出的数值计算模型、试验测量方法及仿生结构设计方法，为离心泵在复杂固液工况下的性能优化与寿命延长提供了理论支撑与技术手段。

High-power centrifugal pumps are key equipment in water diversion projects and face the challenge of efficiency decline and reduced lifespan due to erosion in flow components when transporting sandy water. This paper addresses scientific issues such as insufficient numerical simulation accuracy for solid-liquid two-phase flow, difficulty in quantitatively characterizing particle collision parameters, and unclear erosion mechanisms. Through a combination of theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and experimental measurement, this study deeply reveals the solid-liquid two-phase flow and erosion mechanisms within centrifugal pumps and proposes a bio-inspired structural design approach for anti-erosion and erosion reduction. In terms of numerical simulation methods, a modified resistance model was developed that considers the effects of turbulence intensity. By introducing a correlation function between Kolmogorov length scale and particle size, the prediction accuracy of liquid phase pulsation velocity was enhanced, with the prediction error of the vertical riser pipe example reduced from 16.11% with conventional models to 10.01%. Additionally, a modified erosion model was established to account for the impact of different angles. By combining particle Stokes number with higher-order cosine functions, the model optimized the representation of impact angle effects, reducing the erosion prediction error for a 45° jet angle from 13.39% to 0.23%. Based on this, a solid-liquid two-phase flow and erosion numerical model was developed using a bidirectional coupled Euler-Lagrange framework. An autonomous centrifugal pump solid-liquid two-phase flow visualization experimental platform was designed and built. A particle motion analysis algorithm based on spatiotemporal coordinate transformation and dynamic boundary coupling was proposed, enabling particle trajectory reconstruction and collision parameter quantitative characterization within the rotating impeller. Probability density analysis was performed to examine the influence of different particle sizes and flow rate parameters on particle motion characteristics and collision parameters. Experimental results showed that for particles with a size of 2-4 mm, the dominant mode of collision was pressure-side collisions, with a probability exceeding 70%, and the collision angle ranged from 0° to 30°. Using the modified numerical model, the two-phase flow and erosion characteristics of centrifugal pumps were studied. The mechanisms by which particle size and concentration influence pressure fluctuations and erosion were revealed, and a erosion evaluation method based on Stp =1 was proposed. Particle concentration amplified pressure fluctuation amplitudes by enhancing turbulence disturbances, while changes in particle size triggered dynamic competition between inertial agglomeration and shear disturbances, leading to regional differences in pressure fluctuation amplitudes. Particle size controlled the erosion pattern by modulating inertial and diffusion effects. The erosion rate initially decreased and then increased as the particle size varied, with a turning point at Stp=1. For smaller particles (Stp <1), erosion was dominated by particle impact velocity and angle, while for larger particles (Stp≥1), erosion was dominated by the frequency of particle impacts. Based on the anti-erosion structural features of desert organisms, a bio-inspired structural design method for impeller anti-erosion and erosion reduction was proposed. Four-layer coating erosion tests were conducted, and experimental results indicated that the bio-inspired impeller reduced the average erosion area by 8.58% under a 4 mm particle size condition, verifying the effectiveness of the bio-inspired design method. The numerical models, experimental measurement methods, and bio-inspired structural design methods proposed in this paper provide theoretical support and technical means for performance optimization and lifespan extension of centrifugal pumps in complex solid-liquid conditions.