环境介质间的交互作用可能导致其中的病毒发生跨介质传播，如污水处理过程中曝气工艺引起的病毒气溶胶化。然而，目前人们对病毒水-气传播规律所知甚少，这为跨介质传播风险评价和传播阻断技术开发带来了挑战。本研究以曝气工艺为典型病毒水-气传播发生场景，研究气泡曝气过程中病毒气溶胶的释放规律，以及曝气参数、水化学条件、病毒特征等因素对曝气中病毒水-气传播的影响与机制。本研究建立了病毒水-气传播能力的测定方法，在相同曝气量下，四种模式病毒Phi6、MS2、PhiX174和T7均在较小的气泡下具有更强的水-气传播能力。机制研究发现更长的气泡上升路径促进了MS2、PhiX174和T7气溶胶释放，且两者呈线性关系，这表明除被膜病毒Phi6外，气泡清扫作用是病毒气溶胶化的主要机制。此外，Phi6与其它非被膜病毒不同，在较小气泡产生的气溶胶中可以相对更好地存活，该现象能部分解释其水-气传播规律。研究利用流体力学与热力学理论计算了四种模式病毒与气泡间的碰撞-黏附概率，从而获知气泡对不同病毒捕获能力的差异：PhiX174＞T7＞MS2＞Phi6，与曝气实验中获得的病毒水-气传播能力结论一致，该结果进一步明晰了气泡曝气过程中病毒气溶胶化的潜在机理。模式病毒与活性污泥混合后，超过95 %的病毒迅速与污泥絮体相结合，导致在曝气中产生的病毒气溶胶尺寸增大，并且病毒的水-气传播能力随着污泥浓度的增大而降低，表明污泥对病毒的气溶胶化具有掩蔽作用。同时发现，有污泥存在时，初始病毒浓度的改变不能显著影响病毒气溶胶释放量，而通过超声处理降低污泥絮体粒径后，病毒气溶胶释放量则明显增多，表明活性污泥中小颗粒污泥絮体是潜在的病毒气溶胶主要来源。研究还发现曝气过程中的病毒气溶胶释放量可被覆盖液面的聚苯乙烯泡沫球抑制，抑制率依赖于浮球对液面的覆盖程度。更多的浮球层数以及更低的曝气流量均能显著增强对病毒气溶胶的控制效果。水中表面活性剂同样能对感染性病毒气溶胶释放产生抑制，但依赖于表面活性剂的类型、浓度以及病毒类型。综上所述，本研究揭示了气泡曝气过程中模式病毒水-气传播的规律与机制，为病毒传播风险控制提供了基础科学依据。

Interactions between ambient media may result in cross-media transfer of viruses in them, such as aeration in the wastewater treatment process. However, little is known about the transmission pattern of the virus, which poses challenges to the assessment of transmission risk and the development of transmission interruption technology. In this study, the aeration process was used as a typical water-to-air transfer route of the viruses, and the release of viral aerosols during bubble aeration was studied, and to elucidate the influence and mechanisms of aeration parameters, water chemical conditions, characteristics of virus and other factors on the water-to-air transfer of viruses in aeration.First, it’s found that the four model viruses Phi6, MS2, PhiX174 and T7 had strong water-air transfer ability with smaller bubbles under constant aeration flow rate. It’s found that the longer bubble traveling path promoted the emission of MS2, PhiX174 and T7, and there was a linear relationship between the two, suggesting that bubble scavenging was the main mechanism for water-to air tranfer of the three viruses. In addition, Phi6 differed from the three nonenveloped viruses in that it could survive relatively well in aerosols produced by smaller bubbles, which could partially explain the water-air transfer of Phi6.The collision-adhesion probabilities between bubbles and four mode viruses Phi6, MS2, PhiX174 and T7 were calculated by using fluid mechanics and thermodynamics theory, so as to understand the differences in the trapping of different viruses by bubbles: PhiX174>T7>MS2>Phi6, which is consistent with the water-to-air transfer ability of viruses tested in aeration experiments, and further elaborates the potential mechanism of virus aerosolization in bubble aerationAfter mixing the model viruses with activated sludge, more than 95 % of the viruses quickly combined with the sludge floc, resulting in an increase in the size of the viral aerosols emission from the aeration. The water-to-air transfer ability of the virus decreased with the increase of sludge concentration, indicating that the sludge had a masking effect on the aerosolization of the viruses. And it was found that the initial virus concentration could not significantly affect the aerosolization of the viruses when mixed the viruses with sludge, but the emission of virus aerosols increased significantly after the sludge particle size was reduced by sonication, indicating that the small particles in activated sludge might be a potential source of viral aerosols. It was also found that the emission of viral aerosols could be inhibited by polystyrene floating balls covering the liquid surface, and the inhibition rate depended on the degree of coverage of the liquid surface, so more float layers and lower aeration flow could enhance the control of viral aerosols emission. The addition of surfactants could also inhibit the release of infectious viral aerosols, but it depended on the type and concentration of surfactant, as well as the type of virus.In summary, this study revealed the mechanism of water-to-air transfer of viruses during bubble aeration, and provided a basic scientific basis for viral transmission and risk control.