窗户是最不节能的建筑构件之一，其热工性能设计参数通常比外墙较难满足建筑动态热需求。基于辐射热管理材料的智能光伏窗作为1种较新的技术，具有“开源节流”和被动式自然调节等优势，探索和发展此类技术可以改进建筑能源效率。论文的研究目标是提出基于辐射热管理材料的智能光伏窗性能表征框架，进而为建筑节能导向的典型问题场景提供解决方法，最后探究其性能优化策略。论文主要创新成果为：第一，面对“如何测评”问题，建立了基于辐射热管理材料的智能光伏窗性能表征框架。在“测”方面，提出了技术流程“光谱分析-热箱实验-性能模拟-暗室实验”，可依次实现材料光谱特征、户外性能特征、建筑能耗影响和透射光颜色质量的表征。在“评”方面，提出了可用于对比建筑节能效果和适用建筑类型的“光-电-热-色”性能评价指标。第二，面对“如何解决”问题，针对建筑节能导向的典型问题场景，提出了基于辐射热管理材料的智能光伏窗的解决方法。在产能节能基础上，静态辐射调控解决方法可实现窗户隔热并较小程度地降低室内照度水平，即太阳能光热解耦利用；动态辐射调控解决方法可实现窗户在冷/热环境工况中的得/隔热性能切换；辐射导热双调控解决方法可一定程度改进窗户热质量。在建筑节能效果方面，研究案例的最优工况“光-电-热”节能率分别为-27.00%、-42.91%和-28.34%。在适用建筑类型方面，研究案例透射光颜色质量与多种常规窗接近或更佳，相关色温（CCT）在4811～5822K之间，为“中间”或“冷”色表；显色指数（Ra）均高于95.7，为办公场所光环境建议的“最佳”（Ra≥95）等级，显色类别为IA；色彩逼真度指数（Rf）均高于96.7，色彩饱和度指数（Rg）在97.6～100.3之间。第三，面对“如何改进”问题，从建筑节能效果和适用建筑类型视角，提出了基于辐射热管理材料的智能光伏窗性能优化策略。为改进建筑节能效果，提出了策略1半透明光伏组件的“光伏覆盖率取适中”，透光率建议值为40%；策略2常物性材料的“选择透射界限明确”，变物性材料的“物性变化宜匹配热需求”和刺激温度设计“顺调晚变，逆调早变”；策略3气候适应性视角下静态辐射调控应当“权衡考量光-热资源”，动态辐射调控和辐射导热双调控在不同类型气候区适用性呈现出“顺调广泛，逆调局限”，建议选择顺应建筑动态热需求的辐射调控方式；策略4“有色材料轻介入”。论文成果可为太阳能建筑技术研发、节能材料设计和相关性能优化策略探索提供参考。
Windows are one of the most minor energy-efficient building components because there is always a heat transfer that is opposite to the thermal demand of the building. The exploration and development of smart photovoltaic windows based on radiant heat management materials, a new type of technology with the advantages of “open source and reduced cost” and passive natural regulation, can effectively improve building energy efficiency. The research objective of the paper is to propose a performance characterization framework for smart PV windows based on radiant heat management materials, then provide solutions to typical problem scenarios oriented to building energy efficiency, and finally realize its performance optimization strategies. The main innovations of the thesis are as follows. Firstly, in the face of the problem of “how to measure and evaluate”, a framework for characterizing the performance of smart photovoltaic windows based on radiant heat management materials has been established. In terms of “measurement”, a technical process of “spectral analysis, hot box experiment, performance simulation, and dark chamber experiment” is proposed, which can sequentially achieve the characterization of material features, outdoor performance characteristics, the impact of building energy consumption and the characterization of the color quality of transmitted light. In terms of “evaluation”, “optical-electrical-thermal-color” performance evaluation indexes are proposed, which can be used to compare the building‘s energy-saving effect and applicable building types. Secondly, facing the problem of “how to solve”, the solution of smart photovoltaic windows based on radiant heat management materials is proposed for typical problem scenarios oriented to building energy efficiency. Based on production and energy savings, the static radiation regulation solution can realize the window thermal insulation and reduce the indoor illumination level to a minor extent, i.e., solar photothermal decoupling utilization; the dynamic radiation regulation solution can realize the window‘s switching of the heat gain/insulation performance in the cold/hot environmental conditions; the solution of combined regulation of radiation and thermal conductivity can improve the thermal mass of windows to a certain extent. Regarding the building energy saving effect, the study cases‘ optimal comprehensive building energy saving rates amounted to -27.00%, -42.91%, and -28.34%, respectively. In terms of applicable building types, the transmitted light color quality of cases is close to or better than that of a variety of conventional windows, with the relevant color temperatures (CCT) ranging from 4811～5822 K, which are in the “middle” or “cold” color scale; the color rendering index (Ra) is higher than 95.7, which is the “Best” (Ra≥95) grade recommended for the office light environment, and the color rendering category is IA; the color fidelity index (Rf) is higher than 96.7, and the color saturation index (Rg) is between 97.6～100.3. Third, facing the problem of “how to improve” from the viewpoint of building energy-saving effects and applicable building types, the performance optimization strategy of smart PV windows based on radiant heat management materials is proposed. To improve the energy-saving effect of the building, strategy 1 of semi-transparent photovoltaic module is proposed, “the photovoltaic coverage takes the moderate”, and the suggested value of light transmittance is 40%; strategy 2 of the constant material, “the choice of transmittance boundary is clear”. Materials with variable physical properties need to be characterized according to the principle of “matching thermal demand with physical property changes”. The design of stimulation temperature should follow the principle of “the compliant change later, the rebellious change earlier”. Strategy 3 is based on the perspective of climate adaptation, and static radiation regulation should follow the “trade-off consideration of light-heat resources” principle. Dynamic radiation control and radiation heat conduction dual-regulation solutions in different types of climate zones show a “the compliant is extensive, the rebellious is limited” phenomenon; it is recommended to choose a solution that responds to the dynamic thermal needs of the building. Strategy 4 is “light intervention of colored materials”. The paper‘s outcomes can provide references for the research and development of solar building technology, energy-saving material design, and related performance optimization strategy exploration.
