卫星光网络具有容量大、功耗低、载荷轻便和安全性强等优势，被认为是未来卫星互联网重要的基础设施和通信领域研究的重要方向。大气信道以及卫星位置的快速时变特性给卫星光网络带来了特有的、亟需解决的问题。快速时变特性是其中的典型问题。论文通过分析快速时变特性对卫星光网络的点到点通信，卫星节点交换，端到端业务传递的影响，寻找相应的解决方案，取得如下创新成果：针对星地光通信质量可靠性受到大气云层等因素的影响，开展基于卫星集群的信道自适应星地光通信技术研究。提出了一种基于卫星集群的星地光通信架构，利用分布式卫星集群的空间分集优势，有效提升星地光通信的可靠性。为该架构提出了一种基于信道感知的星地光通信方法。在光通信链路性能恶化时，该方法通过信道感知实时获取信道质量，及时将星地通信切换至可靠性高的星地激光通信链路上。仿真分析和模拟实验表明：和传统单个整体卫星通信架构相比，所提架构在所提通信方法的支持下具有将高速可靠通信时间提升140%以上的能力。针对卫星光网络星间链路长度数公里每秒的快速时变给节点光交换带来的问题，开展基于链路感知的传输自适应卫星光交换技术研究。提出在光层建立“感知-计算-反馈控制”光交换机制，不损失光交换透明性，且使光交换节点自主感知链路长度的变化，自适应调整光交换的触发时间。提出了一种面向时分光交换的卫星光交换节点架构和相应的业务光时片和光交换窗口自适应调整方法。实验表明：所提出的方法可以消除链路长度快速时变导致的光交换窗口不匹配和业务光时片冲突两种时分光交换错误，将光交换窗口与业务光时片之间的误差控制在5ns以内，避免了时分光交换网络的资源利用效率受到链路长度时变的影响。针对端到端光路在网络拓扑快速时变下难以在不同拓扑间无缝连接的问题，开展高可靠低延时卫星光路建立技术研究。针对面向连接的业务，提出一种时变光路无缝切换方法。该方法利用卫星光网络拓扑变化的可预测性，提前为当前拓扑下的工作光路提供一条下一个拓扑的替换光路。当拓扑发生变化时，工作光路及时切换至替换光路，由此保证了业务的连续性。分析表明：该方法在整个模拟时间内仅需增加0.1%-5.4%的平均占用资源，即可消除百毫秒量级的业务中断。针对无连接的业务。提出了一种基于光层感知的多路优化方法。该方法将确定性服务应用到光层，通过数据包在光层的复制、延时和删除实现多路优化。

Satellite optical networks are considered an essential infrastructure for future satellite internet and a key area of research in communications due to their advantages, including large capacity, low power consumption, lightweight loads, and strong security. However, the fast time-varying characteristics of atmospheric channels and satellite positions pose unique and pressing challenges for these networks. This paper analyzes the impact of the fast time-varying characteristics on point-to-point communication, satellite node switching, and end-to-end service delivery in satellite optical networks. It also proposes solutions to address these issues and presents the innovative results:Factors such as atmospheric clouds can seriously affect the quality and reliability of space-to-Earth optical communication. To address this issue, this paper presents research on channel adaptive space-to-Earth optical communication technology based on satellite clusters. A satellite cluster-based space-to-Earth optical communication architecture is proposed, which effectively improves communication reliability by utilizing the spatial diversity advantage of distributed satellite clusters. The proposal also includes a channel-aware method for this architecture. When the performance of the communication link degrades, the optical switching nodes promptly switch to the highly reliable space-to-Earth laser communication links after obtaining the channel quality in real-time through channel sensing. Simulation analysis and experiments demonstrate that the proposed architecture, supported by the communication method, can improve high-speed and reliable communication time by over 140% compared to the traditional single monolithic satellite communication architecture.To tackle the challenges posed by the fast time-varying of interstellar link length in satellite optical networks, which can reach speeds of several kilometers per second, this paper investigates link-aware transmission adaptive satellite optical switching technology. The paper proposes an optical switching mechanism that utilizes a ‘sensing-computing-feedback control‘ approach at the optical layer. This mechanism allows optical switching nodes to detect changes in link length and adjust the trigger time of optical switching while maintaining transparency. Based on this, a satellite optical switching node architecture oriented to time-division optical switching is proposed, along with the corresponding service optical time slice and optical switching window adaptive adjustment method. Experimental studies demonstrate that the proposed method effectively eliminates two types of time-division optical switching errors: optical switching window mismatch and service optical time-slice conflict, which are caused by the rapid time-variation of link length. The proposed method can control the error between the optical switching window and the service optical time slice to within 5ns, and avoid the resource utilization efficiency of the time-division optical switching network from being affected by the time-variation of link lengths.Lastly, this paper establishes highly reliable and low-latency satellite optical paths to address the challenge of seamlessly connecting end-to-end optical paths between different topologies under fast time-varying network topology. For connection-oriented services, a seamless switching method for time-varying optical paths is proposed. The method utilizes the predictability of topology changes in satellite optical networks, to provide a replacement optical path for the next topology in advance of the working optical path under the current topology. This ensures service continuity by switching the working optical path to the replacement optical path in time when the topology changes. Analysis shows that this method eliminates hundred-millisecond service interruptions with 0.1%-5.4% increase in average occupancy over the entire simulation time. For connectionless services, an optical layer-aware multiplexing optimization method is proposed. The method applies deterministic services to the optical layer and achieves multiplexing optimization through packet replication, delay and deletion at the optical layer.