本文利用中国历代人物传记资料库的数据，采用量化分析方法对宋代不同时期精英的政治选拔与社会交往模式进行探究，借此阐明国家构建的不同面向如何形塑转型精英的再生产，而这一过程又是如何影响“国”与“家”之间关系的。 研究发现，在唐末宋初的变革之际，中国整个社会领域和政治精英内部同时发生了两场影响深远的转型，二者彼此形塑，奠定了现代中国政治形态和社会结构的基础。一方面，随着门阀贵族的消亡与科举制的完善和扩大，中国从“贵族社会”进入“平民社会”阶段，精英身份世袭的制度根基已几乎失去全部土壤，先赋因素对精英身份的获得影响愈小，阶层流动性大大提高。另一方面，随着科举竞争的白热化和新儒家思想的发扬光大，新的士绅精英群体在适应宋代官僚正式制度的同时，将目光逐渐投向更广阔的社会空间，利用非正式制度发展出了一套能够保障其家族社会地位持续性和稳定性的再生产机制，这套机制的核心就是从仅依赖血缘基础上的继承体系，到致力于通过血缘与文化、社会资本混合的复合资本实现再生产，即借助专业化和关系网络的力量。 然而，这种新的再生产策略在宋代国家构建的政治实验中受到了一定阻碍。随着以熙宁变法为代表的一系列以建设“强国家”为名、扩张国家权力为实的改革措施的实施，一方面，精英家族以文化资本和姻亲关系带来的社会资本为中介的再生产途径被削弱了——这本质上是国家官僚专业理性化发展与家族制度文化的内在冲突；但另一方面，以基于“庇护共享”式逻辑构建亲族共同体和“促进信息流转”类社会资本为中介的精英再生产方式却被加强了——这又显示出传统中国作为家产官僚制国家所具有的“国”与“家”的一体化、正式制度与非正式制度的有机嵌合以及国家一统体制与有效治理之间的内在张力。 从倚仗血缘的特权到利用姻缘、学缘、业缘等方面的优势，宋代精英再生产方式的变化与其说是在门阀消亡的大环境下被动做出了妥协，不如说是在主动顺应科举制扩大等国家理性化方向的改革，渴望在新的秩序下寻求突围。他们通过科举、联姻、扩展社会关系等种种方式力图实现再生产的行为，本质上也是在传统中国早期政治现代化萌芽、社会环境剧变的历史条件下寻求“家”的延续的努力。可以说，宋代精英的再生产一方面处于由家族谱系打造的血缘继承体系里，另一方面包含在以象征资本为中介的家产制行政关系中；在此框架下，家族的再生产和国家的再生产是相互依赖的，“家”与“国”之间是有机共生的。

Based on the data from China Biographical Database, this paper uses quantitative analysis methods to explore the political selection and social interaction patterns of elites in different periods of the Song dynasty, so as to elucidate how different aspects of state building shape the reproduction of the transition elite, and how this process affects the relationship between "state" and "family". The study finds that during the transition in late Tang and early Song dynasties, two far-reaching transformations took place simultaneously in China‘s entire social sphere and within the political elite, which shaped each other and laid the foundation for the political form and social structure of modern China. On the one hand, with the destruction of the medieval aristocracy and the improvement and expansion of the imperial examination system, China entered the stage of "civilian society" from the "aristocratic society", and the institutional foundation of elite status hereditary has almost lost all the soil. On the other hand, with the fierce competition in the imperial examination and the development of Neo-Confucianism, the new gentry elite gradually turned their attention to a broader social space while adapting to the formal bureaucracy system of Song dynasty, and used the informal system to develop a set of reproduction mechanisms that could ensure the continuity and stability of their family’s social status. At the heart of this mechanism is the transition from relying on a system of inheritance based solely on blood to take advantage of a complex capital that mixes blood with cultural and social capital to achieve reproduction, that is, with the help of specialization and relationship networks. However, this new strategy of reproduction was hampered to some extent in the political experiment of state building in Song dynasty. With the implementation of a series of reform measures represented by the Xining Reform in the name of building a "strong state" and actually expanded state power in practice, on the one hand, the reproduction mode of elite families mediated by cultural capital and social capital brought about by affinity has been weakened—this is essentially an inherent conflict between the professional and rational development of state bureaucracy and the culture of family system; on the other hand, however, the elite reproduction mode, which is mediated by the construction of kinship communities based on the logic of "shelter and sharing" and the social capital of "promoting information circulation", has been strengthened, which in turn shows the oneness of "state" and "family", the organic integration of formal and informal institutions, and the inherent tension between the unified system of the state and effective governance in traditional China, as a patrimonial-bureaucratic state. From relying on the privilege of blood to taking advantage of marriage, learning, and social network, the change in the mode of reproduction of the elite in Song dynasty was not so much a passive compromise in the context of the destruction of the aristocracy, but an active adaptation under the reform towards state‘s modern rationalization direction such as the expansion of the imperial examination system, seeking to a breakthrough of the new order. Their attempts to achieve reproduction through various means, such as taking imperial examinations, allying by marriages, and expanding social relations, are also essentially efforts to seek the continuation of the "family" under the historical conditions of the germination of political modernization as well as the drastic changes in the social environment in traditional China. It can be said that the reproduction of the elite in Song dynasty was on the one hand in the blood inheritance system created by the family genealogy, and on the other hand, it was included in the administrative relationship of the patrimonial system mediated by symbolic capital; under this framework, the reproduction of the family and the reproduction of the state were interdependent, meanwhile the "family" and the "state" were organically symbiotic.