在西方墓葬建筑的历史上，意大利的墓地有着独特的发展脉络，并取得了很高的成就。本文聚焦意大利当代墓地设计，试图全面分析其发展情况和设计特征，并在此基础上明晰其对意大利传统墓地的扬弃，与欧美其他地区墓地的差异，以及作为一种建筑类型，如何体现与促进了当代建筑的反思。本文结合了历史研究与设计研究，采用了文献研究、场地调研、图绘分析等具体方法。笔者首先通过场地调研与文献阅读，搜集整理了60余个有代表性的意大利当代墓地案例。与此同时，笔者通过文献阅读厘清意大利墓地的历史发展脉络，追溯到18世纪末现代公墓出现的时期，梳理从那时起西方世界发展出的两种墓地传统：一是以北欧与北美为代表的花园墓地，一是以意大利等南欧国家为代表的纪念墓地，由此揭示意大利墓地独特的观念模型与空间原型。在这样的案例库和历史梳理的基础上，本文专注于从设计层面对当代意大利墓地进行剖析，采用图绘分析等方法，从布局模式、空间要素、材质表现三个方面对案例进行分类与讨论。通过上述研究进程，本文试图呈现意大利当代墓地设计充满不确定性的多元面貌，从时间、空间与类型上对其定位。从历史来看，意大利当代建筑师对现代以来意大利墓地的基本观念模型和空间原型都进行了批判性的探索，但不管是接受还是突破，都能够清晰地看到他们与传统的持续对话；从地理上看，在融合全球文化与强化地方身份的辩证矛盾之中，意大利当代墓地不仅对本土传统有了更强烈的表达，也在部分案例中出现了接近世界其他地区墓地形式的倾向；从建筑类型上看，墓地设计不仅在1960年代后于意大利重新兴起，而且还促进了对当代建筑整体的反思。以阿尔多·罗西为代表的建筑师们的理论与实践，在墓地设计中得到了最充分的表现，并影响了全球的当代建筑。在当代意大利，最好的墓地不仅仅是对逝者死亡的纪念，更是对生者存在的深思。
In the history of Western funerary architecture, Italian cemeteries have a unique development trajectory and have achieved significant accomplishments. This article focuses on contemporary cemetery design in Italy, attempting to comprehensively analyze its development and design characteristics. It aims to clarify its departure from traditional Italian cemeteries, differences from cemeteries in other regions of Europe and America, and how it reflects and promotes contemporary architectural reflection as a building type.The article combines historical research with design research, using specific methods such as literature review, site survey, and graphic analysis. Initially, through site surveys and literature review, the author collected and organized more than 60 representative contemporary cemetery cases in Italy. At the same time, through literature review, the author clarified the historical development trajectory of Italian cemeteries, tracing back to the late 18th century when modern public cemeteries appeared. It outlined two cemetery traditions developed in the Western world since then: garden cemeteries represented by Northern Europe and North America, and monumental cemeteries represented by Italy and other Southern European countries. This reveals the unique conceptual model and spatial prototype of Italian cemeteries. Based on this case database and historical review, the article focuses on analyzing contemporary Italian cemeteries from a design perspective, classifying and discussing cases from three aspects: layout patterns, spatial elements, and material expressions.Through the research process above, this article attempts to present the diverse and uncertain aspects of contemporary Italian cemetery design, positioning them in terms of time, space, and type. Historically, contemporary Italian architects have critically explored the basic conceptual models and spatial prototypes of modern Italian cemeteries, engaging in a continuous dialogue with tradition, whether accepting or breaking through it. Geographically, amidst the dialectical contradictions of integrating global culture and strengthening local identity, contemporary Italian cemeteries not only express stronger local traditions but also tend to adopt forms similar to cemeteries in other parts of the world in some cases. In terms of architectural type, cemetery design not only revived in Italy after the 1960s but also promoted a reflection on contemporary architecture as a whole. The theories and practices of architects like Aldo Rossi have been most fully expressed in cemetery design and have influenced contemporary architecture globally. In contemporary Italy, the best cemeteries are not just memorials to the death of the deceased but also reflections on the existence of the living.
