苏联科幻电影是科幻电影类型中特殊的一脉。它形成于人类历史上第一个无产阶级政权，又处于亚欧大陆交界的俄罗斯土地上，独特的历史和地理条件的交汇，使得苏联科幻电影形成了其独特的美学风貌和思想特点。但随着苏联政权的崩溃，苏联科幻文化同其电影载体一起被置于了世界科幻话语体系的边缘，这使得曾经有着巨大影响的苏联科幻电影的历史和美学价值不能被正确的认识。基于此种情况，本文意图采用“新电影史”的视角，对苏联科幻电影发展历程进行整理和分析。一方面考察苏联科幻电影与其生成环境的互动关系，另一方面通过对重要影片的分析，揭示出苏联科幻电影的美学特征及发展脉络。最终勾勒出苏联科幻电影的基本样貌，并试图从中透视其背后苏联社会结构和思想的发展和变化。由于影响苏联科幻电影发展最主要的因素是政治环境，因此本文在综合考虑太空竞赛、科技发展等要素对科幻电影的影响后，以苏联历史上较为重要的政治事件为节点，将苏联科幻电影的历史切分为“史前史（1921年之前）”“新经济政策时期（1921-1928）”“斯大林时代（1928-1956）”“赫鲁晓夫与勃列日涅夫时代（1960-1980）”及“后勃列日涅夫时代（1982-1991）”进行分析。以电影作为主要史料，辅以国内外的苏联史著作，总结出不同时代内苏联科幻电影在设定、表达和审美上变化，并探寻这一变化背后的原因。苏联最主要的四种科幻电影风格是“社会主义现实主义风格”、“凡人科幻风格”、“哲理科幻风格”和“喜剧科幻风格”，它们诞生于苏联不同的时期，深受该时期的政治、文化影响，同时它们又在苏联科幻电影中交叠出现，融汇成独特的苏联科幻电影样貌。而在四种风格背后，苏联的电影艺术传统、造型艺术传统、宗教传统、乌托邦传统作为暗线，一直在苏联科幻电影的发展脉络中存在，并在不同的时代呈现出不同的色彩。本文希望通过对已经被逐步遗忘的苏联科幻电影的“打捞”，为现今的科幻创作者提供更广阔的视野，超越现有话语体系给予的无形限制；为苏联历史研究者提供进入历史场景的新道路，为还原历史现场提供素材；同时为科幻文艺理论的研究者提供新的资料，更新对于科幻这一类型的定义及理解。
Soviet science fiction cinema is a special branch of the science fiction film genre. It was formed in the first proletarian regime in human history, and in the Russian land at the junction of Asia and Europe, the unique historical and geographical conditions have led to the formation of a unique aesthetic style and ideological characteristics of Soviet science fiction films. However, with the collapse of the Soviet regime, Soviet science fiction culture and its film carrier were placed on the edge of the world science fiction discourse system, which made it impossible to correctly understand the history and aesthetic value of Soviet science fiction films that once had a huge influence.Based on this situation, this article intends to use the perspective of "new film history" to organize and analyze the development of Soviet science fiction films. On the one hand, it examines the interactive relationship between Soviet science fiction films and their production environment, and on the other hand, through the analysis of important films, it reveals the aesthetic characteristics and developmental context of Soviet science fiction films. Ultimately, the article outlines the basic appearance of Soviet science fiction films and attempts to shed light on the development and changes in Soviet social structure and thought behind them.Due to the primary influence of the political environment on the development of Soviet science fiction films, this article, after considering the impact of factors such as the space race and technological development on science fiction films, divides the history of Soviet science fiction films into "prehistory (before 1921)," "New Economic Policy period (1921-1928)," "Stalin era (1928-1956)," "Khrushchev and Brezhnev era (1960-1980)," and "post-Brezhnev era (1982-1991)" based on important political events in Soviet history. Using films as the main historical material and supplemented with domestic and foreign works on Soviet history, the article summarizes the changes in the setting, expression, and aesthetics of Soviet science fiction films in different eras, and explores the reasons behind these changes.The main four genres of science fiction films in the Soviet Union were "socialist realism style," "everyman science fiction style," "philosophical science fiction style," and "comedy science fiction style." They originated in different periods of the Soviet Union and were deeply influenced by the political and cultural context of their respective eras. They also overlapped and merged in Soviet science fiction films to create a unique Soviet science fiction film style. Behind these four styles, the traditions of Soviet film art, sculptural art, religious traditions, and utopian traditions have existed as underlying threads in the development of Soviet science fiction films, presenting different nuances in different eras.This article aims to "salvage" the gradually forgotten Soviet science fiction films, in order to provide today's science fiction creators with a broader perspective, surpassing the invisible limitations imposed by the existing discourse system; it also offers a new path for researchers of Soviet history to enter historical scenes and provide materials for reconstructing historical events. At the same time, it provides new information for researchers of science fiction literature theory, updating the definition and understanding of the science fiction genre.
