近年来，涡旋光束因其独特的螺旋相位特性及其衍生特性而被广泛应用于光通信、粒子操控和激光加工等多种领域。涡旋光束的模式可调性、高功率应用潜力和模式纯度对满足涡旋光束的应用需求以及提升涡旋光束的应用效果至关重要。本文采用了广泛应用于高功率领域的、具有高度灵活可调性的变形镜作为调制器件，实现了基于变形镜调节的具有高功率应用潜力的新型涡旋激光器。同时，提出了波前解耦方法，实现了对涡旋光束波前畸变和模式纯度的控制。首先，针对基于腔内连续面形调制的涡旋激光器提出了模式调制规律获取方法，理论分析了腔内连续面形调制、涡旋光束产生和模式控制的机理，并以其为主要内容构建了基于输出镜离轴调节方案实现腔内连续面形调制的涡旋激光器模型，系统分析了离轴设置和离轴调节精度对激光器输出涡旋光束模式的模式调制规律。该模式调制规律即可以反映涡旋激光器设计方案的可行性，也可以指导实验中调制器件的选择和实验的开展。其次，构建了普适意义的基于腔内连续面形调制的涡旋激光器模型，系统探究了激光器输出仅拓扑荷数可调涡旋光束、手性和拓扑荷数统一可调涡旋光束以及可调双指数涡旋光束的腔内连续面形调制条件，采用变形镜完成对腔内连续面形分布的主动控制，并开展了一系列实验对理论结果进行了验证和补充，实现了基于腔内DM调制的模式可调涡旋激光器。同时，采用的DM具有高功率应用能力，基于腔内DM调制的涡旋光束产生方法可用于产生模式可调的高功率涡旋光束。最后，针对涡旋光束波前畸变探测和校正的需求，提出了基于波前解耦的涡旋光束波前畸变重构方法。该方法可以避免波前重构过程中螺旋跃变相位的造成的干扰，实现对涡旋光束波前畸变的绝对探测。实验中实现了对涡旋光束波前畸变的重构，同时揭示和分析了影响重构效果的相机因素，提出了实验相机的选择原则以提高对涡旋光束波前畸变和模式纯度的控制效率。
In recent years, vortex beams have been widely used in various fields such as optical communication, particle manipulation, and laser processing due to their unique spiral phase characteristics and derived properties. The mode adjustability, high-power application potential, and mode purity of vortex beams are crucial for meeting the application requirements and improving the application effectiveness of vortex beams. In this article, a deformable mirror widely used in high-power fields with flexible adjustability is used as a modulation device to achieve mode adjustable vortex beams. Meanwhile, a vortex beam wavefront distortion reconstruction method based on wavefront decoupling was proposed, which achieved control over the wavefront distortion and mode purity of the vortex beam.Firstly, a method for obtaining the mode modulation law of a vortex laser based on intracavity continuous surface modulation is proposed. The mechanism of intracavity continuous surface modulation, vortex beam generation, and mode control is theoretically analyzed, and a vortex laser model based on output mirror off-axis adjustment scheme is constructed to achieve intracavity continuous surface modulation. The mode modulation regulation of the laser output vortex beam mode is systematically analyzed based on off-axis setting and off-axis adjustment accuracy. The mode modulation regulation can not only reflect the feasibility of the vortex laser design scheme, but also guide the selection of modulation devices in the experiment and the development of the experiment.Secondly, a universal vortex laser model based on intracavity continuous surface modulation was constructed, and the intracavity continuous surface modulation conditions for laser output of only topologically adjustable vortex beams, helicity and topologically uniformly adjustable vortex beams, and tunable double exponential vortex beams were systematically explored. The active control of intracavity continuous surface distribution was achieved using a deformable mirror, and a series of experiments were conducted to verify and supplement the theoretical results. A mode adjustable vortex laser based on intracavity DM modulation was achieved. Meanwhile, the DM used has high power application capability, and the vortex beam generation method based on intracavity DM modulation can be used to generate high-power vortex beams with adjustable modes. Finally, a vortex beam wavefront distortion reconstruction method based on wavefront decoupling is proposed to meet the needs of detecting and correcting vortex beam wavefront distortion. This method can avoid the interference of spiral jump phase during wavefront reconstruction and achieve absolute detection of wavefront distortion of vortex beams. In the experiment, the reconstruction of wavefront distortion of vortex beams was achieved, and the camera factors affecting the reconstruction effect were revealed and analyzed. The selection principles of experimental cameras were proposed to improve the control efficiency of wavefront distortion and mode purity of vortex beams.
