乡村振兴，人才是关键。推动乡村人才振兴，已成为新时代中国特色社会主义乡村建设的重要课题。然而目前乡村人才的发展远远不能满足实施乡村振兴战略、推进城乡融合发展、促进农民共同富裕的需要，这也成为制约中国乡村发展的主要原因。论文采用文献研究、田野调查和案例分析等方法，较系统地剖析了新时代乡村人才振兴的理论基础、实践建构、发展现状、现实挑战，并提出了具体的实施路径。以马克思主义理论为指导，以中华优秀传统文化为底蕴，在中国共产党的百年实践中，形成了具有中国特色的乡村人才振兴理论。其主要内容是确立人才资源是第一资源的地位，要发挥农民教育的基础性作用，强调科学技术在农业发展的重要性，并注重基层组织建设和人才引进。该理论指引新时代乡村人才振兴需要坚持党对乡村人才工作的全面领导、聚各类乡村人才而用之、全方位培养用好各类乡村人才、培养乡村人才“一懂两爱”素养、深化乡村人才发展体制机制改革。以乡村振兴的目标靶向分析乡村人才的影响机理，明确目前主体需要产业型、科技型、治理型和服务型等四类人才。依托各类统计年鉴和调研数据透视新时代乡村人才发展现状，可评估出当前乡村人才振兴率，并发现乡村人才数量短缺、质量不高、结构失衡、效能不足和后继薄弱成为乡村振兴战略实施的重要瓶颈。制约新时代乡村人才振兴的现实挑战可从社会动力、乡村发展、城乡关系、制度建设和人才个体五个层面进行分析，具体体现为乡村生产力发展不适应当前的生产关系、乡村现代化体系薄弱掣肘乡村人才建设、城乡二元结构产生推拉、乡村人才管理体制机制存在障碍。不同人才表现出不同问题形式，其中产业型人才经营能力有限且风险抵御能力差，科技型人才供给乏力且创新服务体系待完善，治理型人才面临断档压力且下乡工作融入难，服务型人才保障配置不均且乡村需求缺口大，普通农户缺乏能动性且积极行动意愿低。在实施路径层面，宏观维度应以乡村振兴战略目标和新时代人才强国战略目标为指引，构建党领导下多元主体参与的乡村人才振兴机制，制定科学合理的乡村人才发展体系，以建设人才强村为方向，推进以县域为中心的乡村人才振兴格局。中观维度需进一步依靠宜居宜业和美乡村建设与城乡融合发展，夯实乡村人才发展动力，构建完备的乡村人才政策体系。微观维度需因人制宜面向产业型、科技型、治理型、服务型等四类人才和普通农户不同主体设计政策重点。

Talent is the key of rural revitalization. Promoting the revitalization of rural talents in the new era to let all kinds of talents give full play to their abilities, talents and skills in the countryside, and to let the masses of farmers play the main role and become the backbone of rural revitalization, so as to realize the long-term development of rural economy and society, has become an important issue in the construction of rural construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era However, the current development of rural talents is far from meeting the needs of implementing the rural revitalization strategy, promoting the integrated urban-rural development, and promoting the common prosperity of farmers, which has become the main factor restricting the development of Chinese rural areas. Based on literature research, field survey and case study, the thesis deeply analyzes the ideological resources, practice system, present status, dilemma and its causes of the revitalization of rural talents in China in the new era, and puts forward the implementation path.Guided by Marxist theory, with the excellent Chinese traditional culture as the foundation, the theory of rural talent revitalization with Chinese characteristics has been developed in the century-long practice of the Communist Party of China. Its main content is to establish the status of human resources as the first resource, to give play to the fundamental role of farmers' education, to emphasize the importance of science and technology in agricultural development, and to focus on grass-roots organization building and the introduction of talents. The theory guides the revitalization of rural talents in the new era requires upholding the overall leadership of the Party in the work of rural talents, convening all kinds of rural talents for use, cultivating and utilizing all kinds of rural talents in comprehensively, and cultivating the rural talents with" understand agriculture, devote to rural community and be sincere to farmers" and deepening the reform of the institutional mechanism of rural talent development. Analyzing the influence mechanism of rural talents with the goal of rural revitalization, it is clear that the current main body of rural areas needs four types of talents, that is, industrial, scientific and technological, governance and service talents. Relying on various types of statistical yearbooks and research data to look at the current situation of rural talent development in the new era, the rate of rural talent revitalization can be assessed. Analyzing the current supply and demand of rural talents, it is found that the quantity shortage, low quality, structural imbalance, insufficient efficiency and weak successor of rural talents have become an important bottleneck for the implementation of rural revitalization strategy.The deep-rooted dilemmas that restrict the revitalization of rural talents in the new era can be analyzed from five levels: social dynamics, rural development, urban-rural relations, institutional construction and individual talents, which are reflected in the development of rural productivity that does not adapt to the current production relations, the weak system of rural modernization that restricts the construction of rural talents, the push and pull of the urban-rural dual structure, and the obstacles in the institutional mechanism of rural talent management. Different talents display different problems. Industrial talents have limited management ability and poor risk resistance; scientific and technological talents are weak in supply and the innovative service system is to be improved; governance talents are under the pressure of breakage and are difficult to integrate into the rural work; service talents are unevenly allocated and there is a big gap in rural demand, and ordinary farmers have solidified main ideas and low willingness to take positive actions.At the level of implementation paths, the macro dimension should be guided by the strategic goals of rural revitalization and strengthening the country with talents in the new era, take the direction of strengthening villages with talents, build a mechanism of rural talent revitalization under the leadership of the Party and with the participation of multiple subjects, formulate a scientific and reasonable rural talent development system, and promote a county-centered rural talent revitalization pattern. The meso-dimension needs to further rely on the construction of livable, workable and beautiful villages and integrated urban-rural development, consolidate the development momentum of rural talents, build a complete policy system for rural talents. The micro-dimension needs to design policy priorities for four types of talents such as industrial, scientific and technological, governance and service talents and different subjects of ordinary farmers according to local conditions.