自2014年莫迪政府执政以来，印度公民身份问题逐渐凸显，成为印度社会各界关注的焦点与国家整合危机所在。2019年12月，印度议会通过了备受争议的《公民身份法（修正案）》，该法案首次将宗教信仰作为判定公民身份的标准。人们普遍担忧新法案与拟议中的“印度国民全国登记册”相结合，可能导致部分穆斯林群体面临大规模丧失公民身份和选举权的风险。本文旨在深入探讨印度2019年《公民身份修正法》的背景，从1955年印度制定的首部《公民身份法》开始溯源，并分析与该法相关的宪法规定。通过分析该法案推出并进入公共领域的过程，从立法、司法、社会运动三个角度梳理法案的支持者和批评者对此问题的主要论点，并揭示该法背后隐藏的印度教民族主义潮流与印度穆斯林群体的认同问题。长期以来，印度教民族主义作为构建印度公民身份认同的一种路径，在民间有着深厚的土壤。考察本次立法过程及相关事件，不难发现这一理论正逐渐侵蚀印度立法、司法乃至社会生活的方方面面。本文的研究对于深入理解印度公民身份法的演变、社会背景及其社会影响具有一定意义，同时也期望为完善相关法律制度、促进我国社会的和谐稳定提供了有益参考。
Since assuming office in 2014, the Modi government has brought Indiancitizenship concerns to the forefront, sparking widespread attention across Indiansociety, and presenting a national integration crisis. In December 2019, the IndianParliament passed the contentious Citizenship Amendment Act, marking the firstinstance of religious belief being used as a criterion for citizenship determination. Thereis widespread apprehension that the conjunction of this new law with the proposedNational Register of Citizens (NRC) could jeopardize the citizenship and voting rightsof certain Muslim communities on a large scale. This paper aims to delve into the background of India's 2019 CitizenshipAmendment Act, tracing its origins back to India's inaugural Citizenship Act of 1955, and scrutinizing the constitutional provisions related to the Act. By analyzing thegenesis and public discourse surrounding the Act, the paper unpacks the primaryarguments of both proponents and detractors from three vantage points: legislative, judicial, and social movements. Furthermore, it unveils the latent trend of Hindunationalism and the issue of identity among Indian Muslim communities concealedwithin the Act. Hindu nationalism has historically served as a theoretical framework forshaping Indian citizenship identity and has entrenched roots in Indian society. A closerexamination of the legislative process and associated events reveals a gradual erosion ofvarious facets of Indian legislation, judiciary, and social fabric by this ideology. This research holds significance for a nuanced understanding of the evolution ofIndia's citizenship laws, the sociopolitical milieu, and their ramifications. Additionally, it seeks to offer valuable insights for refining pertinent legal frameworks and fosteringsocietal harmony and stability.
