我国的城市更新实践中，部分闲置或低效存量空间或因难以确定新用途，或因用途转换制度制约而难以推进正式更新，由此带来临时性使用（temporary use）现象的涌现，即此类闲置空间上进行的短期用途探索。本研究聚焦探讨临时性使用在我国老旧厂房功能转换过程中的作用与机制，通过柏林与北京的案例比较总结国内外实践经验，并查找相关问题与挑战，为临时性使用在中国的应用和发展提供理论支持和策略探索。论文采用理论演绎、个案比较与田野调查方法开展研究。基于列斐伏尔等的新马克思主义理论以及我国老旧厂房的用途转换需求，研究建构了“三层次两大类”的理论分析框架，包括临时性使用内涵的三个层次，即“过程性”、“能动性”和“适应性”；以及根据项目发起时的政府管制特点划分的两种实践类型，即“被动型”与“主动型”。基于此，研究对比分析了四个典型的老旧厂房临时性使用案例，包括柏林的施普雷滨河区中段和滕珀尔霍夫机场，以及北京的798艺术区和首钢园。从政策背景、发展历程、运作机制和规划影响四个方面对案例进行比较分析，研究发现柏林的临时性使用所处的制度环境更加包容，使用者的动机对项目进展产生较大影响；北京的临时性使用受到政府和产权人的影响更多。研究结果表明，临时性的核心是个体“能动性”与“制度/结构”之间的张力，即在不同制度环境下项目由不同的权力主体所主导。“被动型”临时性使用一般在法定规划修订前发生，由使用者主导，其中适应需求变化和市场竞争的非正式用途逐步成为更加正式或稳定的用途；“主动型”临时性使用通常在规划和运营策略的引导下进行，由政府或产权人主导，在规定期限内开展用途实验。两类临时性使用均提升了存量空间的使用活力，并且探索出适应于使用需求的新用途。本文据此归纳得出支撑临时性使用的规划机制，包括将临时性使用纳入正式的法律法规体系，构建有助于多方主体协商的组织架构以及具有功能兼容性和弹性的规划策略。针对北京老旧厂房临时性使用在手续办理、公共利益保障和商业运营等方面的困境，本文建议规划管理主体明确过渡期的实施细则，简化许可程序；实施主体和设计团队组织协商式规划；运营主体组建专业运营团队等，从而促进北京老旧厂房临时性使用顺利实施并使其在空间用途转换中发挥积极作用。
In China's urban regeneration practices, several vacant or underutilized spaces have emerged due to the lack of plans for new uses or a comprehensive regulatory framework for renewal, hindering the progress of formal renewal. This has led to the phenomenon of temporary use, which involves short-term, spontaneous, and creative exploration of uses for such derelict spaces. This study focuses on the renewal of old factory buildings (OFBs). Through comparing cases from Berlin and Beijing to summarize promotable experiences from relatively mature domestic and international practices, it identifies issues and challenges faced by relevant practices and explores the role and mechanisms of temporary use in the functional transformation process of OFBs in China. The significance of this research lies in complementing the studies on temporary use that mainly focus on Western developed countries with institutional explorations from developing countries, and providing a theoretical foundation and practical reference for the application and development of temporary use in China.The research employs theoretical deduction, comparative case study, and field investigation methods to conduct theoretical and empirical studies. By integrating the neo-Marxist theory of Henri Lefebvre and others with the demand for functional transformation of OFBs in China, this study forms a "three-level, two-category" research theoretical framework. This includes the three levels of the connotation of temporary use, namely "process," "initiative," and "adaptability"; and two categories based on the characteristics of government regulation at the project initiation, namely "passive type" and "active type." Based on this framework, the study compares four cases of temporary use of OFB renewal, including the Mediaspree and Tempelhof Airport in Berlin, as well as the 798 Art District and Shougang Park in Beijing. Through analyzing the regulation background, development process, operational mechanism, and the interactions with planning strategies, the research found that Berlin's temporary use occurs in a more inclusive context, where the motives of users have a significant impact on the progress of the project; in contrast, Beijing's temporary use is more influenced by state-entrepreneur alliances.The results indicate that the core issue of temporary use is not the duration of time but the tension between individual "motivations" and " institutions/structures", which means that temporary use can be led by different power subjects in different institutional environments. The “passive type” generally occurs before the revision of the statutory plan and is led by users, in which informal uses adapted to changes in demand and market competition gradually become more formal or stable uses; the “active type” is usually guided by a planning and operational strategy and led by the government or property owner, in which experiments are carried out for a specified period of time. Both of them enhance the vitality of existing space, and explore new functions to meet the needs of use. Based on this, the study summarizes the planning mechanisms that support temporary use by incorporating temporary use into the formal legal and regulatory systems, constructing an organizational structure conducive to stakeholder negotiation, and developing planning strategies with compatible and flexible functions. In light of the dilemma involving approval procedures, public interest protection, and commercial operation for the temporary use of OFBs in Beijing, this paper suggests that planning and management entities should clarify the approval rules for the interim period and simplify the licensing procedures. The implementing entity and the design team can engage in consultative planning. The operating entity should establish a professional operations team, among other measures, to facilitate the implementation of temporary uses of OFBs in Beijing and ensure they play an active role in functional transformation.
