空化基础研究中，核心问题包括空化初生的物理本质，以及空化泡与周围界面相互作用的物理机制。粗糙固壁面空化初生的“缝隙模型”对光滑表面不再适用。光滑表面微纳米气泡能否成为空化核，长期困扰学术界。此外，实际工程中，液体和固壁面难以保持完全洁净，发生空化时，空化泡往往与颗粒共存，其相互作用机理研究尚不充分。本文以固壁面附近的空化泡为研究对象，从光滑固壁面空化初生机理和空化泡与固壁面上刚性颗粒、可变形颗粒（如油滴等）相互作用机理等方面展开研究工作。 在光滑固壁面空化初生机理方面，本文分别设计了强剪切流和强超声场作用下表面微纳米气泡空化初生实验，并通过高速显微摄影进行观测。首先，强剪切流由电火花空化泡溃灭射流诱导产生，表面微纳米气泡发生变形、断裂，释放游离气核。数值模拟和理论分析表明，此过程由Rayleigh-Plateau不稳定性和毛细数Ca共同控制。其次，强超声场通过压电元件激励壁面振动产生，驱动频率约100 kHz时，微流道内产生的超声空化泡向表面微纳米气泡迁移，两者融合、脱离壁面，成为游离气核。理论分析表明，声辐射力是造成空化泡定向运动的可能原因。本文证明了表面微纳米气泡可以成为游离气核，从而导致光滑固壁面附近空化。 在空化泡与固壁面上刚性颗粒相互作用方面，本文通过实验，发现了激光诱发空化泡抛射与空化泡最大尺寸相当的球形颗粒的现象。通过高速摄像观察到颗粒在空化泡生长过程中离开壁面。理论分析揭示了颗粒所受升力来自空化泡的减速膨胀，提出了颗粒抛射的两种主导机制，即液体非定常惯性主导和空化泡—颗粒直接接触主导，并推导了对应的相似标度律关系。在此基础上，进一步增大空化泡—颗粒尺寸比，研究无粘流动理论的局限性，提出了考虑边界层粘性流动的空化泡—颗粒相互作用模型，推导了颗粒运动满足的相似标度律关系。 在空化泡与固壁面附着油滴相互作用方面，本文通过实验，发现了激光诱发空化泡与附着的近似半球形油滴间主要发生的四种典型相互作用类型：油滴破碎、油滴内部包裹水滴、油滴内凹变形、油滴无显著变形。提出了镜像法理论模型，通过无量纲Kelvin冲量预测了空化泡生长—溃灭期间质心迁移方向及强度。分析了各类相互作用类型发生的物理过程和临界条件，建立了预测油滴响应类型的相图。

In the fundamental studies of cavitation, the essential questions include the physics of cavitation inception and the mechanism of interactions between cavitation bubbles and surrounding interfaces. The crevice model for cavitation inception from a rough solid boundary can not explain the phenomena from a smooth one. Thus it has long been a confusing question whether surface micro- and nanobubbles on a smooth surface serve as cavitation nuclei. On the other hand, in engineering, real liquids and solid boundaries can hardly be kept clean. When cavitation occurs, cavitation bubbles exist along with solid particles or oil droplets. Their interactions are not fully understood. This thesis focuses on cavitation bubbles near rigid boundaries, investigating cavitation inception from smooth surfaces, and interactions between cavitation bubbles and surface-attached rigid particles or deformable particles, e.g., oil droplets. For cavitation inception from smooth surfaces, in this thesis, we design two experiments with high-speed microscopic photography on cavitation inception from surface micro- and nanobubbles due to strong shear flows and strong ultrasonic fields, respectively. First, strong shear flows are induced by the jetting at the collapse of a spark-generated cavitation bubble. In response, surface micro- and nanobubbles deform, pinch off, and release free gaseous nuclei. By numerical and theoretical analysis, the responses of the surface micro- and nanobubbles are found to be related to Rayleigh-Plateau instability, and the dynamics of bubble deformation are controlled by the capillary number Ca. Second, strong ultrasonic fields are generated through the vibration of the solid boundary excited by piezoelectric elements. At a driving frequency of about 100 kHz, ultrasonic cavitation bubbles generated in the microchannel migrate directionally toward surface micro- and nanobubbles with merging and detachment from the substrate, thus becoming free gaseous nuclei. By theoretical analysis, the mutual acoustic radiation force may be responsible for the directional migration of the ultrasonic cavitation bubbles. In summary, we prove in this thesis that surface micro- and nanobubbles can evolve into free gaseous nuclei, thus leading to cavitation near smooth surfaces. For interactions between cavitation bubbles and surface-attached rigid particles, we find by experiments that laser-induced cavitation bubbles can accelerate spherical particles from surfaces when the cavitation bubbles and the particles are in similar sizes. By high-speed photography, the particles are observed to detach from the substrate during the growth of the cavitation bubbles. By theoretical analysis, we reveal that the lift forces on the particles are originated from the decelerating expansion of the cavitation bubbles. Two dominant regimes are proposed for the projection of the particles, namely, the unsteady liquid inertia-dominated regime and the bubble contact-dominated regime. For respective regimes, similarity scaling laws are derived. Based on this, we further increase the ratio of the maximum radius of the cavitation bubble and the radius of the particle. The limitation of the inviscid flow theory is revealed and a theoretical model considering boundary layer viscous flows is proposed for the cavitation bubble-particle interaction. Furthermore, the similarity scaling law is derived for the particle movement. For interactions between cavitation bubbles and surface-attached oil droplets, we find by experiments that laser-induced cavitation bubbles can interact with surface-attached oil droplets which are approximately hemispherical in four typical ways: oil droplet rupture, water droplet entrapment in oil droplet, oil droplet large deformation, and oil droplet mild deformation. We establish a theoretical model with the method of images. With the non-dimensional Kelvin impulse, the direction and the strength of the migration of the center of cavitation bubbles can be predicted. We analyze the critical conditions for the different regimes of bubble-droplet interactions and establish the phase diagram for the prediction of oil droplet responses.