2016年以来，美国连续对我国半导体产业链供应链施压，致使我国出现严重的“缺芯”问题，提升半导体产业科技创新能力刻不容缓。习近平总书记强调，政府要在科技创新中发挥组织者作用。在学界已有相关文献基础上，本研究从马克思主义视角出发，分别从理论和实践层面回答两个关键问题：在半导体产业创新过程中，尤其是对于遭遇国际封锁且技术相对落后的国家，政府为何需要发挥主导作用，以及政府应该发挥哪些具体作用。在理论层面，运用资本循环与周转理论、剩余价值理论、国际不平等交换与剥削理论等构建马克思主义分析框架，得出政府需要在科技创新中发挥主导作用的三方面原因：第一，资本逐利本性与创新活动特性之间存在多重矛盾，包括维持资本运动连续性的要求与资本循环易中断的矛盾、攫取超额剩余价值的目标与竞争带来技术扩散的矛盾、以及缩短资本周转时间的需要与固定资本投入占比大的矛盾；第二，存在国际不平等交换与对发展中国家的剥削；第三，发挥人民在创新中的主体性。在实践层面，基于马克思主义分析框架，并结合海内外科技创新实践，归纳得出政府在科技创新中发挥作用的三条基本规律：激活创新主体活力，主导创新协作机制；提高自主创新能力；超越市场化创新机制的限制。基于半导体产业领先地区的官方报告、行业协会数据、历史档案等梳理得出，政府可以通过税收优惠、低息贷款、政府购买兜底等方式，有效降低科技创新过程中资本循环各阶段的不确定性；相反，当政府作用缺失，则会出现创新动力不足、研发支出降低等问题。与产业领先地区相比，我国半导体产业发展面临国内外严峻挑战，如发达国家的技术封锁持续升级，国内半导体企业体量相对较小、创新投入相对较低、对创新活动的监管相对不足等。新时代以来，我国政府积极应对挑战，保障各类生产要素稳定供给，依托重大专项和科研“国家队”组织协作，并通过稳定政府订单发挥超大市场优势。这些举措彰显了我国在中央和地方政府之间密切配合、国有企业发挥中流砥柱作用等方面的制度优势。面对挑战，政策制定者应继续发扬优势，并借鉴半导体产业领先地区正反两方面的经验，最大限度地动员资源来推进科技创新。

Since 2016, the U.S. has continuously exerted pressure on China‘s semiconductor industry chain supply chain, resulting in a serious "lack of chips" problem in China, and it is urgent for China to enhance the scientific and technological innovation ability of the semiconductor industry. Xi Jinping, general secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC), has repeatedly emphasized that the government should play a role of organizer in scientific and technological innovation. Based on the existing literature, this study takes the perspective of Marxism to answer two key questions theoretically and empirically: why the government needs to play a leading role in scientific and technological innovation in the semiconductor industry, espeically among the relatively technologically backward countries experiencing international pressure, and what specific roles the government should play.On the theoretical side, based on capital circulation theory, theories of surplus value, capital turnover theory, and unequal exchangement and international exploitation theory, this study constructs a Marxist analytical framework and accordingly examines three reasons why the government should play a leading role in scientific and technological innovation. The reasons for this are as follows, first, three contradictions between the characteristics of capital and innovative activities, including the contradiction between the requirement to maintain the continuity of capital movement and the risk of interruption of the capital cycle in the innovation process, the contradiction between the goal of capital to capture excess surplus value and the technology diffusion brought about by competition, and the contradiction between the need to shorten the capital turnover time and the large proportion of fixed capital investment; Secondly, international unequal exchange and exploitation; Thirdly, the principal position of people in innovation.On the empirical side, based on the Marxist analytical framework, the study found that there are three basic rules for the government‘s role in scientific and technological innovation: firstly, activating the vitality of innovation subjects and leading the innovation collaboration mechanism; secondly, improving independent innovation capabilities, making up for the shortcomings of the industrial chain supply chain and developing key core technologies; and thirdly, going beyond the limitations of the market-based innovation mechanism to maximize the mobilization of resources and organize collaboration to serve the national interest. By combing through a large number of official reports, industry association data, and historical data, it can be seen that in the leading regions of the semiconductor industry, the role of the government is mainly reflected in reducing the uncertainty of the capital cycle. However, the lack of government role has brought about the problem of insufficient incentive for innovation and reduced R&D spending. Compared with leading regions, China‘s semiconductor industry faces serious challenges: external challenges come from the continued escalation of technology blockade by developed countries; internal challenges are mainly manifested in three areas of relatively small volume of enterprises, relatively low investment in innovation, and relatively inadequate regulation of innovation activities. Since the new era, China has actively responded to the challenges, including initiatives to ensure a stable supply of production factors, relying on major special organizations and research "national team" organizations to collaborate, through stable government orders to give full play to the advantages of the super-large-scale market. Policy makers should actively learn from the experience of leading regions in the semiconductor industry, pay attention to the problems caused by the lack of government role, strengthen supervision, fully leverage the advantages of close cooperation between central and local governments, and the role of state-owned enterprises as the backbone, and mobilize all resources to guide capital to participate in innovation .