物联网作为新一代信息技术的重要组成，在工农业、智慧城市、智慧交通中起到越来越重要的作用。然而，随着物联网节点的增加，其供能成为亟需解决的问题。目前物联网节点的供能主要使用一次性电池，其使用寿命有限、不环保且更换耗费巨大人力成本。我们的日常环境中蕴含着丰富的动能，这些动能往往以低频形式存在。驻极体发电机作为一种典型的能量收集器，其体积小、质量轻、低频特性好，非常适合用于将环境中的低频动能转换为电能，为物联网节点供能。然而，其输出功率偏低、波峰系数大、输出阻抗高的特性限制了其实际应用。另一方面，电磁发电机作为最为成熟的能量收集器，由于其低频特性较差故而对环境中的低频能量收集效率低，且其在低频环境下由于输出电压低难以有效进行整流存储。本工作针对以上问题展开理论和实验研究。提出了基于接触微放电的驻极体双极性充电方法，结合优化的发电机基底材料，研制了双极性旋转驻极体发电机，使发电机的输出功率相较于传统单极性驻极体发电机提升了5.3倍，设计并制作了腕式可穿戴旋转驻极体发电机，实现了人体运动能的收集。设计制作了具有多相输出的旋转驻极体发电机，分析了结构参数对发电机输出性能的影响，通过结构参数优化后的双相发电机相较于单相发电机输出功率提升了78.4%，波峰系数降至1.17，且各相输出相互独立，可分开使用。提出了针对静电发电机的高效能量管理模块，该模块基于低开关损耗的陶瓷开关管并对其击穿电压进行优化，高效的射频电感以及匹配的缓存电容，使其效率大大提高。经能源管理模块后旋转式静电发电机和接触分离式静电发电机输出到负载上的功率分别达到发电机直接连接负载下输出功率的121.1%和153.2%，展示了该能量管理模块性能的优越性。提出了基于驻极体发电机输出控制的电磁发电机的高效能量管理方法，将体积占比仅为2%的双相驻极体发电机集成在电磁发电机中制作了混合发电机，在50 rpm的低频下，混合发电机输出功率相比单纯电磁发电机提升了76.8%，同时所提出的能量管理模块使电磁发电机的能量存储效率提升了8.8倍，基于静电-电磁混合发电机以及两者的能量管理模块，实现了自供能无线温度传感节点，展现了其在物联网应用中的巨大潜力。

As a new generation of information technology, the Internet of Thing (IoT) has played an irreplaceable role in industry and people‘s daily life. However, as the number of IoT nodes increases and their distribution becomes wider and wider, its long-term and stable energy supply is very important. At present, the energy supply of IoT nodes often uses disposable batteries, who have limited-service lives, high labor costs, and are not environmentally friendly. Natural environment contains abundant energy, most of which exists in low frequency. With the small size, light weight, and excellent low-frequency characteristics, electret generator has been demonstrated to be a good energy harvester to convert low-frequency ambient energy into electrical energy for IoT nodes. Currently, electret generators have the disadvantages of low output power, high crest factor, and high output impedance, which limit their practical applications. As the maturest energy harvester, the electromagnetic generator harvests the low-frequency ambient energy inefficiently due to its poor low-frequency characteristics, and it lacks an efficient method for rectification and voltage-boosting due to its low output voltage. Thus, in this work, theoretical and experimental studies are conducted to solve these issues.A charging method for bipolar electret based on contact micro-discharge is proposed, and the substrates of the electret generator are studied and optimized. Based on these two methods, a bipolar charged rotary electret generator is fabricated, and its output power is 5.3 times that of the conventional electret generator. Based on this optimized generator, a wearable rotary electret generator is fabricated for kinetic energy harvesting.A multi-phase rotary electret generator is designed, and the influence of the number of phases on the output performance of the generator is analyzed. Based on the analysis results, a two-phase rotary electret generator is fabricated, and its structural parameters is further optimized. The output power of the optimized two-phase generator is 78.4% higher than that of the optimized single-phase generator. Moreover, the crest factor of the optimized two-phase generator is only 1.17, and each phase is independent.A remarkably efficient energy management module for electrostatic generators is proposed. Based on a ceramic spark switch tube with low switching loss and optimized breakdown voltage, an efficient ration frequency inductor, a matched input capacitor, the efficiency of the module is greatly improved. With the energy management module, the output power of the rotary and contact-separation electrostatic generator to the load reached 121.1% and 153.2% of the output power of the generators directly connected to the load, showing the superiority of this energy management module.An efficient energy management module for the electromagnetic generator controlled by the output of electret generator is proposed, and a two-phase electret generator with a volume ratio of only 2% is integrated into the electromagnetic generator to produce a hybrid generator.Under the low speed of 50 rpm, on the one hand, the output power of the hybrid generator 76.8% higher than that of the electromagnetic generator. On the other hand, the output of the electret generator can serve as the control signal for the energy management module of the electromagnetic generator. With the efficient the energy management module, the energy conversion efficiency for the electromagnetic generator is improved by 8.8 times at 50 rpm. Based on the hybrid generator and the energy management modules for the electrostatic generator and the electromagnetic generator, a self-powered temperature sensing node is achieved, which shows great potentials for IoT applications.