污水处理厂是城市可持续发展的重要基础设施，因邻避效应常引发公众的抵触情绪，造成多种社会冲突。近年来，开放式污水处理厂在全球多地兴起，通过公共空间与污水处理厂的融合式设计，成为面向公众开放的具有科普教育等公共功能的科技文化载体，是化解社会冲突、推动可持续发展的重要措施。然而，开放式污水处理厂的研究与实践尚处于起步阶段，建筑学领域内对其关注度不足：一方面缺乏多角度综合研究以验证和分析其设计策略的有效性；另一方面缺乏系统的建筑设计方法，难以为我国需求迫切的实践提供有效指导。因此，研究遵循“建立认识-验证效果-设计优化”的路径，对开放式污水处理厂展开系统的建筑设计策略研究，主要内容包括：首先，系统梳理开放式污水处理厂的理论与实践，构建涵盖183个国内外开放式污水处理厂的案例数据库，分析开放式污水处理厂的建筑类型、时空特征、公共空间类型与布局形式，构建全地下式、半地下式、岩洞式、地标式、花园式、温室式组成的建筑类型体系，形成对开放式污水处理厂的系统性认识。其次，从使用者主观感知和客观物理环境两方面展开效果验证与规律探究。从使用者主观感知角度，研究基于3000余份调研问卷，论证开放式污水处理厂提升公众接受度的积极作用，分析感知风险、感知利益、建筑设计、公平和信任对公众接受度的作用机制，明确多种建筑设计策略对公众接受度的影响及公众的偏好。从客观物理环境的角度，研究基于35座污水处理厂大规模、多点位的实地测量，论证开放式污水处理厂在改善地面空间气味和噪声中的积极作用与现状问题，探究气味和噪声的空间分布规律，分析开放式污水处理厂中气味和噪声的聚集性特征，并识别通风井等主要气味和噪声来源，明确气味和噪声高风险区域及规律，以指导建筑设计和研究。最后，构建涵盖“策划-设计-运营”全阶段的开放式污水处理厂建筑设计策略优化框架，针对开放式污水处理厂的核心问题，从公共功能策划、空间布局优化、气味及噪声缓和策略、可持续策略整合设计、大型活动组织五个方面提出建筑设计优化策略。
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are important infrastructure for sustainable urban development. However, traditional WWTPs have low public acceptance and usually face fierce public resistance. In recent years, publicly accessible WWTPs have emerged in various places. Through the integration of public space and WWTPs, publicly accessible WWTPs serve as scientific and cultural carriers with public functions such as popular science education, becoming an important initiative to resolve social conflicts and promote sustainable development.However, the research and practice of publicly accessible WWTPs are still in their infancy, and insufficient attention has been paid to them within the field of architecture: on the one hand, there is a lack of comprehensive research from multiple perspectives to verify and analyze the effectiveness of their design strategies; on the other hand, there is a lack of systematic architectural design methods to provide effective guidance for the urgent needs of practice in China. Therefore, the study follows the path of "establish concept - verify effectiveness - design optimization" to develop a systematic architectural design strategy for publicly accessible WWTPs. The specifics of this article include:Firstly, through systematically sorting out the theory and practice of publicly accessible WWTPs, a case library covering 183 publicly accessible WWTPs is formed. On this basis, the building typology system of publicly accessible WWTPs is established: cavern type, fully underground type, semi-underground type, landmark type, garden type, and greenhouse type. The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics and public space layout forms of publicly accessible WWTPs are analyzed to establish a systematic understanding of publicly accessible WWTPs.Secondly, the effect verification and regular exploration of publicly accessible WWTPs are carried out from both the user‘s subjective perception and the physical environment. From the perspective of users‘ subjective perceptions, the study demonstrates the positive effect of publicly accessible WWTPs on enhancing public acceptance based on more than 3,000 research questionnaires. The mechanisms of perceived risk, perceived benefit, building design, equity, and trust in public acceptance are analyzed. The study also identifies the effects of various architectural design strategies on public acceptance and preferences. From the perspective of the physical environment and based on field measurements of 35 wastewater treatment plants, the study demonstrates the positive role of publicly accessible WWTPs in controlling odor and noise in ground space.Finally, the design strategy optimization framework of publicly accessible WWTPs covering the whole phase of "planning-design-operation" is constructed. Given the core problems of publicly accessible WWTPs, the optimization strategy of architectural design is proposed from five aspects: public function planning, spatial layout optimization, odor and noise mitigation strategy, sustainable strategy integration design, and large-scale event organization.
