长期以来，夏热冬冷地区住宅供暖面临着节能减排和舒适人居的双重挑战。在 “以人为本”理念指引下，大力发展供需匹配的“部分时间、局部空间”供暖模式是应对上述挑战的重要途经。为实现这一目标，人员需求明晰、供暖末端环境营造理论构建是基础。因此，本研究开展了夏热冬冷地区住宅供暖时空需求研究，建立了供暖末端多维特征评价方法，全面剖析了末端供暖性能及优化策略，具有重要理论意义与应用价值。主要创新性成果如下：（1）通过网络问卷与实地测试定量研究夏热冬冷地区住宅供暖末端运行现状与供暖时空需求。基于问卷调研数据初步认知了局部空间尺度居民活动特征，结合UWB定位系统获取居民实时位置信息，利用空间聚类方法和“标准人”概念对住宅典型房间间歇局部供暖需求量化分析，研究发现居民在客厅活动“局部空间”特征显著，常驻区范围占比多低于30%，而餐厅活动呈明显“部分时间”特征，连续停留时长多低于1 h，明确了多场景下末端性能评价与优化设计时空需求目标。（2）供暖末端温度时间响应、热量空间分布、热源品位利用特征共同影响节能潜力，具体表征为Q=f(人员需求,时间τ,空间V,品位T)。通过深入剖析供暖末端全过程热量传递，从时间、空间和品位维度构建末端供暖特征评价方法。首先，建立了形式简单统一的2R1C理论模型，实现多种形式末端时间响应性能快速对比分析；其次，提出了“热量匹配系数”评价指标，引入“空间体积”概念量化环境营造与人员需求空间匹配性；最后，基于火积分析方法，从“量”“质”损耗角度量化热源品位梯级利用特征，并结合?分析开展结合热源系统、辅助设备的综合分析。（3）基于多维特征评价方法，对比探究夏热冬冷地区住宅实际供暖工况下典型末端在不同需求场景下的供暖性能与优化策略。结合供暖系统实测与室内温度场CFD模拟分析，剖析了不同供暖末端环境营造时空特性与供暖能耗的异同特征。通过全过程热量传递特征剖析，明确了末端在温度快速响应、局部空间热量匹配与能源品位高效利用方面的关键影响环节，针对典型案例给出供暖末端具体优化路径，并基于多场景应用目标指明未来高效供暖末端发展方向。综上所述，本研究以人员需求为基础，构建了供暖末端时间、空间和品位多维特征评价方法，实现了对供暖末端环境营造性能的综合定量认知，并针对环境营造机理开展了全面深入剖析，可为供暖末端设计、应用与优化提供理论支撑。

Residential space heating in Hot Summer and Cold Winter (HSCW) regions has faced the dual challenges of carbon neutralization and comfortable living. Guided by the concept of “people-oriented”, vigorously developing the Part Time Local Space (PTLS) heating mode that matches the heat supply to the demand is one of the important methods to overcome the above challenges. To achieve this goal, the clarification of the spatial-temporal heating demand of residents and the theory of built environment of heating terminals are the foundations. Therefore, this study conducts in-depth research on the occupancy temporal-spatial patterns of residents, establishes a multidimensional characteristic evaluation method of heating terminals, and comprehensively analyzes the heating performance and optimization strategies of heating terminals in real application. It is of great theoretical significance and practical value for achieving deep energy conservation of building space heating in HSCW regions. The main research work and innovative achievements are as follows:(1) The current operation characteristics of heating terminals and spatial-temporal demand for residential heating in HSCW regions are quantified through online questionnaires and field tests. Based on the questionnaire data, the occupancy temporal-spatial patterns of residents at local spatial scale are cognized preliminarily. Combined with the Ultra Wide Band (UWB) positioning system, the real-time location information of residents is obtained. Then, with the spatial clustering method and the concept of “standard person”, the PTLS heating demand in typical rooms is quantitatively analyzed. The results show that the occupancy patterns in the living room present obvious characteristic of “local space”, with the resident area accounting for less than 30%, while the occupancy patterns in the dining room are characterized by “part time”, that the continuous stay durations are usually less than 1 h. Through this way, the spatial-temporal heating demand of residents in different scenarios can be clarified, providing basis for the performance evaluation and optimal design of heating terminals.(2) The temperature response, heat spatial distribution and heat grade utilization characteristics of the heating terminal will jointly influence the heating performance, which is expressed as Q = f (personnel demand, time τ, space V, grade T). Through the in-depth analysis of the whole heat transfer process of "heat source-heating terminal-indoor environment-local space-outdoor environment", a multi-dimension performance evaluation method of temporal, spatial and grade-utilizing features of heating terminals is established. Firstly, a simple and unified 2R1C theoretical model is established, which can realize the rapid analysis and comparison of the temperature response performance of various heating terminals; Secondly, an evaluation index on temperature spatial distribution characteristic—Heat Matching Coefficient (HMC)—is proposed from the perspective of personnel spatial demand to quantify the matching between heat spatial distribution and personnel demand; Finally, based on the entransy theory, the heat gradient utilization performance of heating terminals is quantitatively evaluated from the perspective of quantity and quality dissipation, and the comprehensive analysis on energy performance of heating terminals with the heat source system and auxiliary equipment is carried out in conjunction with the exergy analysis.(3) Based on the multi-dimension feature evaluation method, the heating performance and optimization strategies of typical heating terminals in actual residential heating cases in HSCW regions are comparatively explored. The differences in the environmental temporal-spatial characteristics and energy consumption of different cases are analyzed on the basis of the field measurements and CFD simulations. Through the analysis of heat transfer characteristics of the whole process, the key processes limit the thermal response, heat distribution and energy utilization of heating terminals are clarified, and the specific optimization path of the heating terminal is given for corresponding case. Moreover, the development direction of high-efficiency heating terminal is preliminarily conceived based on the application target of multiple scenarios.In summary, this study develops a multi-dimension feature evaluation method of heating terminals from the perspective of time, space and grade based on personnel demand. It realizes a comprehensive quantitative cognition of the heating performance and explores the in-depth mechanism of heating terminals, which can provide theoretical support for the design, application and optimization of heating terminals.