党的二十大报告提出科学研究要“四个面向”的目标方针。在面向人民健康的科研主战场，医疗机构特别是大型综合性医院是主力军，支撑医疗服务的持续动力源泉是其科研成果。专利作为最贴近产业转化和产生经济效益的科技成果，是医院科技成果的重要载体，目前缺乏被广泛认可的评价体系，不利于对医疗机构间科技成果评价分析。基于此，本研究通过德尔菲法构建了医院专利质量评价指标体系，采用主观层次分析法和客观熵权法确定指标权重，建立了一种适用于医院专利质量评价的方法，能够对医疗机构专利科技成果进行评估。具体研究内容和结论如下：一、研究内容1.通过梳理国内外关于专利质量的概念界定、评价指标、评价体系和相关理论研究，在归纳现有科技成果评价研究基础上，对专利质量指标和评价体系分析总结，明确概念和该领域研究、实践进展。2.通过文献边界分析构建现有专利质量评价指标池，通过结构-过程-结果管理理论和德尔菲法构建指标体系，通过层次分析法和熵权法确定各指标权重，完成医院专利质量评价模型构建。3.使用数据库专利数据，进行医院专利质量进行描述性分析和实证评价，从整体质量、分维度质量、演进趋势三个层面，对医院专利质量分析评价。4.基于研究结果，对标杆医院做法和政策实施情况分析，分别从宏观和微观角度提出优化建议。二、研究结论1.目前国内外对专利质量研究已经从理论研究扩展到应用研究，20世纪80年代，国外学者开始对专利质量这一概念进行研究，开创性提出了大量专利评价指标和方法；国内相关研究始于本世纪初，主要围绕评价体系和实证研究开展；对于医疗机构专利质量研究则始于2015年后，主要围绕医院专利质量实证测评研究、专利质量提升对策研究等方面开展。2.本研究基于结构-过程-结果管理理论，确定3个一级指标：生产质量、申请质量、转化质量；通过德尔菲法，确定了10个二级指标：平均引用专利数量、专利平均被引用次数、发明专利占比、合作研发率、平均权利要求项数、代理申请率、平均简单同族个数、发明专利授权率、市场化专利占比、有效专利持有率；通过层次分析法、熵权法，完成医院专利评价模型的构造。3.从1985年至今，医院专利申请数量和专利质量发展可分为三个阶段。4.医院现有专利在数量上集中于国家和区域的医学中心。5.医院间专利申请质量相对差距最小，专利转化质量差距最为明显，说明可以从转化质量入手，借鉴标杆省份和医院的做法，提升专利质量和转化水平。
The report of the 20th Party Congress put forward the target policy of ＂four directions＂ for scientific research. In the main battlefield of scientific research oriented to people‘s health, medical institutions, especially large general hospitals, are the main force, and the continuous source of power to support medical services is their scientific research results. As the scientific and technological achievements closest to industrial transformation and economic benefits, patents are an important carrier of hospitals‘ scientific and technological achievements, and the current lack of a widely recognized evaluation system is not conducive to the evaluation and analysis of scientific and technological achievements among medical institutions. Based on this, this study constructs a hospital patent quality evaluation index system by Delphi method, determines index weights by subjective hierarchical analysis and objective entropy weighting method, and establishes a method applicable to the evaluation of hospital patent quality, which is able to evaluate the patented scientific and technological achievements of medical institutions. The specific research contents and conclusions are as follows:I. Research Content1. By sorting out the concept definition, evaluation indexes, evaluation system and related theoretical research on patent quality at home and abroad, and on the basis of summarizing the existing research on the evaluation of scientific and technological achievements, we analyze and summarize the patent quality indexes and evaluation system to clarify the concept and the progress of research and practice in this field.2. Construct the existing patent quality evaluation index pool through literature boundary analysis, construct the index system through structure-process-result management theory and Delphi method, determine the weight of each index through hierarchical analysis and entropy weight method, and complete the construction of the hospital patent quality evaluation model.3. Using the database patent data, the descriptive analysis and empirical evaluation of hospital patent quality were conducted, and the evaluation of hospital patent quality was analyzed at three levels: overall quality, sub-dimensional quality and evolutionary trend.4. Based on the research results, we analyze the practices and policy implementation of benchmark hospitals and propose optimization suggestions from macro and micro perspectives, respectively.II. Research Conclusion1. In the 1980s, foreign scholars began to study the concept of patent quality and put forward a large number of patent evaluation indexes and methods; the relevant domestic research began at the beginning of this century and mainly focused on the evaluation system and empirical research; the research on patent quality of medical institutions began after 2015 and mainly The research on patent quality of medical institutions began after 2015, mainly focusing on empirical evaluation research on patent quality of hospitals and research on countermeasures to improve patent quality.2. Based on the structure-process-result management theory, this study determines three primary indicators: production quality, application quality and transformation quality; through the Delphi method, 10 secondary indicators are determined: the average number of cited patents, the average number of patent citations, the proportion of invention patents, the rate of cooperative R＆D, the average number of claims, the rate of proxy applications, the average number of simple homologues, the rate of invention patents granted, the proportion of marketable patents, and the rate of effective patent holdings. patent granting rate, marketable patent holding rate, and effective patent holding rate; through the hierarchical analysis method and entropy method, the construction of hospital patent evaluation model was completed.3. From 1985 to the present, the development of the number of hospital patent applications and patent quality can be divided into three stages: the first stage is from the implementation of the first patent law in 1985 to 2001, during which hospital patents have been at a low level in terms of the number of applications and the patent quality index is relatively unstable; the second stage is from the accession to the World Trade Organization in 2001 to 2016, when the growth rate of patent applications accelerated and the patent quality index is also improving simultaneously; the third stage is from 2016 to the present, the number of patents is growing exponentially, but the change of patent quality index is not obvious.4. The existing patents of hospitals are quantitatively concentrated in national and regional medical centers, and the patents owned by TOP100 hospitals account for 53.8% of the total according to the number of patents owned. Patent quality is uneven on the whole, and there is a big gap in patent quality between different hospitals. The comprehensive strength of a hospital is closely related to the patent quality of that hospital, and the southern provinces and cities are better than the north in terms of overall quality and quality distribution, and Beijing and Shanghai can be used as benchmark provinces. West China Hospital of Sichuan University and the General Hospital of the People‘s Liberation Army can be used as benchmark hospitals. 5. The relative difference in the quality of patent applications among hospitals is the smallest, and the difference in the quality of patent transformation is the most obvious, indicating that the quality of transformation can be taken as a starting point, and the practices of benchmark provinces and hospitals can be borrowed to improve the quality and transformation of patents. In all aspects of patent production, application and transformation, it is suggested that medical institutions should formulate patent strategies that are in line with the actual situation of hospitals, form patent research and development bodies based on large discipline groups, etc., and make use of the advantageous resources of key disciplines of hospitals, etc. to carry out patent layout in advance; gradually replace patent quality with patent quantity as the evaluation basis and index for project assessment and title evaluation; and equip professional talents who understand business, law and finance The team should serve the patent affairs of the institute or employ professional patent agencies to check the quality of patents; establish in-depth cooperation with enterprises to explore technical demands and jointly develop applications. It is suggested that government departments adjust the focus of project funding and title quota allocation, and gradually steer the direction from funding by quantity to funding by transformation and authorization results; establish a negative list system for patent applications.
