女性是社会发展和稳定的重要力量，一线城市中的女性发展充满机遇，但同时对于其权益保护的挑战更大。国家想要“三孩”政策尽快落实，须尊重育龄女性的社会价值，切实做好育龄女性权益的保障工作，尤其是对自我意识更强烈、生活在压力更大、生育成本更高的一线城市中的育龄女性。本文对北京市育龄女性权益保障中存在的问题与改进措施进行研究。首先，对北京市“三孩”政策背景下育龄女性的权益保障现状进行分析。其次，基于史密斯政策执行理论等设计问卷，对北京市育龄女性开展问卷调查，并且对北京市主管育龄女性权益的相关部门工作人员进行访谈。第三，诊断北京市育龄女性权益保障中存在的问题及原因。最后，围绕史密斯政策执行理论的各个维度，提出完善“三孩”政策背景下北京市育龄女性权益保障的各项措施。本文的研究结论如下：（1）从对北京市育龄妇女的现状分析可以看到，育龄妇女人数大幅减少和低结婚率使低生育率趋势短期内难以改变。育龄妇女特别是生育旺盛期育龄妇女人数减少，是北京出生人口减少的重要因素；（2）基于问卷调查以及访谈得出，北京市育龄女性权重保障中存在部分女性权益未得到充分保障、相关部门未充分发挥权益保障作用、育龄女性生育意愿未明显提高以及各项外部环境未得到显著改善等问题，而这些问题的发生存在政策制定、执行机构、目标群体以及外部环境等方面的原因。（3）提出完善“三孩”政策背景下北京市育龄女性权益保障的对策建议。其中，政策制定方面的完善措施包括调整细化政策内容、畅通公众监督渠道以及健全计生政策执行问责制度。执行主体方面需加快相关部门职能转变、增强政府部门资源投入力度以及加强各部门及组织的合作力度。政策目标群体方面需完善孕妇优抚政策、完善育龄女性公共设施的建设以及保障育龄女性就业等方面的权益。外部环境方面需完善各项配套资源的建设、加强生育保险及生育津贴等方面的保障力度以及构建生育友好型的家庭发展支持体系。

Women are an important force for social development and stability. Women in first-tier cities are full of opportunities for development, but at the same time, there are greater challenges for the protection of their rights and interests. If the country wants to implement the "three-child" policy as soon as possible, it must respect the social value of women of childbearing age, and do a good job in protecting the rights and interests of women of childbearing age, especially for women of childbearing age who have stronger self-awareness, live under greater pressure, and have higher reproductive costs in first-tier cities.This thesis studies the problems and improvement measures in the protection of the rights and interests of women of childbearing age in Beijing. First of all, it analyzes the current situation of the rights and interests protection of women of childbearing age in the context of the "three-child" policy in Beijing. Secondly, based on Smith‘s policy implementation theory, a questionnaire was designed to survey women of childbearing age in Beijing, and interviews were conducted with staff of relevant departments in charge of the rights and interests of women of childbearing age in Beijing. Third, diagnose the problems and reasons in the protection of the rights and interests of women of childbearing age in Beijing. Finally, around the various dimensions of Smith‘s policy implementation theory, the thesis proposes various measures to improve the protection of the rights and interests of women of childbearing age in Beijing under the background of the "three-child" policy.The research conclusions of this thesis are as follows: (1) From the analysis of the current situation of women of childbearing age in Beijing, we can see that the significant reduction in the number of women of childbearing age and the low marriage rate make it difficult to change the trend of low fertility rate in the short term. The decrease in the number of women of childbearing age, especially women of childbearing age at the peak of fertility, is an important factor in the reduction of Beijing‘s birth population; (2) Based on the questionnaire and interview, there are some problems in the weight guarantee of women of childbearing age in Beijing, such as the rights and interests of some women have not been fully guaranteed, the relevant departments have not fully played their role in the rights and interests protection, the fertility desire of women of childbearing age has not been significantly improved, and the external environment has not been significantly improved. These problems are caused by policies, implementing agencies, target groups and external environment. (3) Put forward countermeasures and suggestions to improve the protection of the rights and interests of women of childbearing age in Beijing under the background of the "three-child" policy. Among them, policy improvement measures include adjusting and refining policy content, unblocking public supervision channels and improving the accountability system for the implementation of family planning policies. In terms of the executive body, it is necessary to speed up the transformation of the functions of relevant departments, strengthen the input of resources from government departments, and strengthen the cooperation between various departments and organizations. In terms of policy target groups, it is necessary to improve the preferential treatment policy for pregnant women, improve the construction of public facilities for women of childbearing age, and protect the rights and interests of women of childbearing age in terms of re-employment. In terms of external environment, it is necessary to improve the construction of various supporting resources, strengthen the protection of maternity insurance and maternity allowance, and build a family development support system that is conducive to fertility.