年来，我国竞技体育面临后备人才不足的困境，对2035年基本建成体育强国的远景目标造成挑战。高校高水平运动队是解决这一问题的有效方式，2020年“体教融合”相关文件印发后，高水平运动员的成长与发展成为业界关注焦点。相比之下，关于高水平运动员成长过程的研究却并未匹配其重要性，尤其是关于家庭、教练、学校等主体在高水平运动员成长过程中发挥作用的研究屈指可数。本研究立足这样的现状，力图构建有关高校高水平运动员的成长模型，通过模型构建回答这样一个问题，即一个孩童经过怎样的发展最终成为高校高水平运动员。本研究以高水平运动员的成长模型为研究对象，以家庭资本理论、人口质量—数量模型、项群理论等为研究理论模型，主要采用文献资料法、问卷调查法、访谈法和文本分析法等方法。在研究过程中对49名清华大学高水平运动员进行深度访谈和问卷调查，对访谈所得到的约25万字文字资料进行文本分析，提炼、总结出高校高水平运动员的整体成长模型，并对成长模型进行分类，提取成长过程中主要的影响因素，本研究的主要研究结论如下：1.高校高水平运动员成长模型为金字塔型，共分为四个阶段，分别是：初始训练阶段、系统训练阶段、目标确立阶段和自我实现阶段，前三阶段的平均总时长为8.62年。2.在前三阶段，升学、父母选择、兴趣、身体天赋、父母运动经历、教练选择、运动成绩、心理追求等驱动因素促成阶段跃升。从第三阶段到第四阶段，重视学习、专业队弊端、父母选择、路径明确、训练环境等保持因素促成阶段跃升。3.成长模型一级分类为家庭型、个人型和教练型，二级分类为家庭继承型、家庭引导型、家庭强迫型、兴趣主导型、升学主导型、强身健体型、集中选材型和成长天赋型。4.在高水平运动员的成长路径中，家庭起到的主要作用是影响运动员是否走上运动道路、影响运动员的项目选择；个人起到的主要作用是决定运动道路的终点和部分运动道路的起点、决定运动训练过程中的整体状态、决定运动训练过程中的心理状况；教练起到的主要作用是影响运动员的培养单位、影响运动员的运动水平和运动生涯高度、影响运动员的项目选择。此外、我国体育体制、我国人口变迁、地域等中国特色影响因素也会在运动员的成长过程中起到影响。

In recent years, our country‘s competitive sports are facing the dilemma of insufficient reserve talents, which poses a challenge to the long-term goal of building a sports power in 2035. High-level sports teams in colleges and universities are an effective way to solve this problem, after the publication of documents related to the integration of sports and education in 2020, the growth and development of high-level athletes in colleges and universities has become the focus of attention in the sports circles. In contrast, the research on the growth process of high-level athletes in colleges and universities does not match its importance, especially the research on the role of family, coaches, schools and other subjects in the growth process of the athletes. Based on the situation, this study tries to build a growth model for high-level athletes in colleges and universities, and answer the question about how a child develops into a high-level athlete in colleges and universities in China.This study selects the growth model of high-level athletes as the research object, uses family capital theory, population quality-quantity model, and item group theory as theoretical models, the primary research method used was the literature material review, questionnaire method, interview, and text analysis.In the course of the research, in-depth interviews and questionnaire surveys were conducted with 49 high-level athletes from Tsinghua University, text analysis was conducted on about 250,000 words of written materials obtained from the interviews, and the overall growth model of high-level athletes in colleges and universities was extracted and summarized from these materials. This study also classify the growth model, and extract the main influencing factors in the growth process of athletes.The main conclusions of this study are as follows:1.The growth model of high-level athletes in colleges and universities is pyramid-shaped, which can be divided into four stages: the initial training stage, the system training stage, the goal-setting stage and the self-actualization stage, the average total duration of the first three stages is 8.62 years.2.In the first three stages, driving factors such as school admission, parental choice, interest, physical talent, parental sports experience, coach selection, sports performance, and psychological pursuit contributed to the stage jump. From the third stage to the fourth stage, factors such as emphasis on learning, disadvantages of professional teams, parental choice, clear path selection for high-level athletes, and training environment preferences contributed to the stage jump.3.The first-level classification of the growth model is family type, individual type and coaching type, the second-level classification is family inheritance type, family-guided type, family-compulsive type, interest-oriented type, education-oriented type, physical fitness type, concentrated talent selection type, and growth talent type.4.In the growth path of high-level athletes, the main role played by the family is to influence whether the athlete embarks on the sports path and the choice of sports. The main role played by the individual is to determine the end point of the sports paths and part of them can determine the start point of the sports paths, determine the overall state and psychological state in the process of sports training. The main role played by the coach is to influence the training unit , the level, the career height and the selection of sport events of athletes. In addition, factors with Chinese characteristics such as the sports system, the population changes in China and regions also play a role in the growth path of high-level athletes in colleges and universities.