在速度滑冰比赛中，顶级运动员之间的比赛成绩差距非常小。中国的速度滑冰项目的奖牌数量和世界速度滑冰比赛强国相比差距较大。运动员阻力的来源主要是冰刀与冰面之间的摩擦阻力和运动员所受的空气阻力。为了在速度滑冰比赛中取得更好的成绩，需要增加推进力和减小空气阻力。在增加推动力方面，很多学者在运动生理学、运动生物力学方面展开了大量的研究。但是如何通过姿态和编队减小空气阻力的试验研究尚为空白。而当运动速度在15m/s时，空气阻力占总阻力达到90%。基于此，本文针对速度滑冰运动员姿态和编队进行了气动减阻研究。针对速度滑冰姿态气动减阻，本文通过3D扫描技术得到运动员等比模型，利用CFD和风洞试验研究了在不同头部、背部和手臂姿态角度下阻力面积的变化规律。CFD计算结果表明，压差阻力占总阻力的绝大部分。随着头部、背部、手臂角度的增加，运动员阻力面积增加，主要原因是迎风面高压区域面积的增加和背风面低压区域面积的增加。其中，背部姿态角度对运动员阻力面积的影响最大。风洞试验测得的阻力面积结果和CFD计算的阻力面积结果在趋势上一致。针对速度滑冰两人编队气动减阻，本文通过3D打印技术打印出扫描的运动员等比模型，利用CFD、风洞试验和PIV试验研究了在不同间距和偏距下，前后两名运动员的阻力面积的变化规律。CFD计算结果表明，随着间距和偏距的增加，前后两名运动员的阻力面积都增加，减阻率减小。减阻效果和前后两名运动员周围流场之间的相互作用有关。偏距的影响远大于间距的影响，当偏距达到1m时，前后运动员的减阻率接近于0%。对比风洞试验的结果和CFD计算的结果，验证了CFD计算的有效性。对比PIV结果图像和CFD后处理速度矢量图像，验证了CFD研究速度滑冰运动员周围流场特性的可行性。针对速度滑冰三人编队气动减阻，利用CFD研究了三名运动员在不同间距和偏距下阻力面积的变化规律。结果表明，随着间距和偏距的增加，三名运动员的阻力面积增加、减阻率减小。减阻效果和运动员周围流场之间的相互作用有关。偏距的影响远大于间距的影响，当偏距达到0.7m时，三名运动员的减阻率接近于0%。本文所研究的速度滑冰姿态和编队气动减阻结论已反馈至速度滑冰国家队，为国家队运动员和教练员制定比赛策略提供科学的理论依据，并获得了应用证明。
In speed skating competitions, the difference in performance between top skaters is very small. There is a significant gap in the number of medals in China‘s speed skating events compared to the world‘s top speed skating countries. The main sources of resistance for skaters are the frictional resistance between the skate and the ice surface, as well as the aerodynamic drag experienced by the skaters. In order to achieve better results in speed skating competitions, it is necessary to increase propulsion and reduce aerodynamic drag. In terms of increasing propulsion, many scholars have conducted extensive researches in sports physiology and sports biomechanics. However, there is still a blank in experimental research on how to reduce aerodynamic drag by posture and team formation. When the motion speed is 15m/s, the aerodynamic drag accounts for 90% of the total resistance. Based on this, aerodynamic drag reduction research on the posture and formation of speed skaters was conducted in this article.For the study of aerodynamic drag reduction in posture of speed skating, a skater‘s proportional model was obtained by 3D scanning technology in this article. The variation of drag area under different head, back, and arms posture angles was studied using CFD and wind tunnel tests. The CFD calculation results indicated that the pressure difference accounts for the majority of the aerodynamic drag. As the angles of the head, back, and arms increased, the drag area of the skater increased. The main reason was the increase in the area of the high pressure area on the windward side and the increase in the area of the low pressure area on the leeward side. Among them, the back posture angle had the greatest impact on the drag area of skaters. The drag area results measured in wind tunnel tests were consistent with the drag area results calculated by CFD in trend.For the study of aerodynamic drag reduction in two person formation of speed skating, a scanned skater‘s proportional model was obtained by 3D printing technology in this article. The changes in drag areas of the two skaters at different axial spacing and lateral offset were studied using CFD, wind tunnel tests, and PIV tests. The CFD calculation results showed that with the increase of axial spacing and lateral offset, the drag area of both front and rear skaters increased, and the drag reduction rate decreased. The drag reduction effect was related to the interaction between the surrounding flow fields of the front skater and rear skater. The influence of lateral offset was much greater than that of axial spacing. When the offset reached 1m, the drag reduction rate of the front and rear skaters was close to 0%. The effectiveness of CFD calculations was verified by comparing the results of wind tunnel tests. The feasibility of CFD research on the flow field characteristics around speed skaters was verified by comparing the PIV result images with the CFD post-processing velocity vector images.For the study of aerodynamic drag reduction in three person formation of speed skating, the changes in drag areas of the three skaters at different axial spacing and lateral offset were studied using CFD. The results showed that with the increase of axial spacing and lateral offset, the drag area of all three skaters increased, and the drag reduction rate decreased. The drag reduction effect was related to the interaction between the surrounding flow field of the skaters. The influence of lateral offset was much greater than that of axial spacing. When the lateral offset reached 0.7m, the drag reduction rate of the three skaters was close to 0%.The speed skating posture and formation aerodynamic drag reduction conclusions studied in this article have been fed back to the speed skating national team. This provided a scientific theoretical basis for the development of strategies for national team skaters and coaches. The article has obtained application proof.
