电动汽车的广泛应用在一定程度上促进了汽车行业的可持续发展，但大规模的无序充电会对电网造成一定冲击，影响其稳定运行。智能充电作为一种调控手段，不仅可以减少无序充电所带来的负面影响，还可以使电动汽车作为储能参与电力系统的调节，对于促进能源转型以及电网高质量发展具有重要的现实意义。 中国与欧洲是目前电动汽车行业最主要的两个市场，双方均在智能充电的实践应用上做出了积极的探索。本文介绍了中国与欧洲电动汽车市场、基础设施和相关政策的发展现状，概述了电动汽车充电的特征以及影响因素，在此基础上，深入分析了双方电动汽车智能充电策略发展进展以及社会环境的不同。本文运用定量分析和定性分析结合的方式，通过文献分析法和问卷调查法总结两者智能充电策略的发展特点、经验以及局限性，比较了两者的差异及优劣势。 首先阐述了中国与欧洲三种智能充电策略的实践情况，（1）分时电价：欧洲具备静态、动态、实时等多种定价机制，并考虑将光伏等因素纳入市场定价机制之中，中国的定价机制则相对单一，重点在于扩大峰谷间价差；（2）单向有序充电：欧洲较少单独开展有序充电，大多与分时电价或者车网双向互动结合实践，中国则由各地电网牵头开展了多项试点，证实了在社区中开展有序充电的可能性；（3）车网双向互动：欧洲已开展多个商业化试点，具备大规模应用的可能性，而中国的试点则较少，还未形成系统性的发展模式。 其次从电动汽车用户的角度出发，通过问卷调查对中国与欧洲电动汽车的使用人群进行统计分析，结果表明研究对象处于中国还是欧洲对是否了解智能充电策略的了解程度以及接受程度有显著影响。中国与欧洲在影响用户参与智能充电的因素上也存在明显差异，欧洲的研究对象更在意个人收益和价格激励，中国的研究对象更重视环保以及引导。 对比研究结果表明，中国与欧洲在电动汽车智能充电策略的发展上存在阶段性差异。虽然各个策略均在电力系统中具备重要的作用，但紧迫性存在一定的先后顺序，考虑到技术水平和社会接受度以及当前的应用场景需求，中国目前适合大规模采用单向有序充电策略，同时在商业领域辅以换电模式，而其他应用场景也会随着电动汽车保有量和新能源发电占比提升，逐渐由理论走向实践。
The widespread use of the electric vehicle (EV) has promoted the sustainable development of the automotive industry; however, large-scale disorderly charging will exert a negative influence on the power grid and jeopardize its stable operation. Smart charging has significant practical implications for promoting energy transformation and the high-quality development of power grids since it can not only reduce the negative impact of disorderly charging but also enable electric vehicles to participate in the regulation of power systems as a means of energy storage. China and Europe are currently the two largest markets for electric vehicles, and both have actively explored the practical application of smart charging. This article introduces the development status of the EV market, infrastructure construction, and related policies in China and Europe, outlines the characteristics and influencing factors of EV charging, and thoroughly analyzes the advancement of smart charging strategies as well as the differences in social acceptance between China and Europe. This article uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis. It summarizes the characteristics, experiences, and limitations of the smart charging strategies development through literature reviews and questionnaire surveys and compares the differences by advantages and disadvantages. The practices of smart charging strategies in China and Europe are analyzed, (1) Time of use pricing: Europe has a variety of pricing mechanisms such as static, dynamic, and real-time pricing, and considers introducing photovoltaic into the market pricing mechanism. China‘s pricing mechanism is rather simple, with an emphasis on widening the price gap between peak and valley periods; (2) Unidirectional controlled charging / Orderly charging: In Europe, orderly charging is rarely carried out individually and is mostly used in conjunction with time-of-use tariffs or bidirectional vehicle-to-grid (V2G). In China, various pilot projects have been led by local power grid companies, proving the possibility of orderly charging in residential areas; (3) V2G: Europe has launched multiple commercialized pilot projects with the potential for large-scale deployment while China has fewer pilot projects and has not yet formed a structured development method. A questionnaire study is then carried out from the perspective of EV users. The statistical results show that the understanding and acceptance of smart charging strategies by respondents are significantly impacted by whether they are in China or Europe. The findings also reveal that factors influencing users‘ participation in smart charging differ greatly between China and Europe, European respondents place more emphasis on personal income and price incentives while Chinese respondents focus on environmental protection and operational guidance. The comparative study shows that the development progress of smart charging strategies for electric vehicles differs between China and Europe. Even though each strategy has a positive value for the power system, there still exists a development sequence judged by the local situation. China is currently suitable for the widespread adoption of an orderly charging strategy, supplemented by a battery swap model in the commercial field, considering the technological level, social acceptance, and application scenario requirements at present. Other scenarios will gradually develop from theory to practice along with the increasing ownership of electric vehicles and the rising proportion of renewable energy sources.
