本论文以人体的基础能力——耐力能力及其训练的脑结构和功能活动特点为内容，针对不同人群的耐力运动能力，结合fMRI技术及运动学测试，综合运用“专家-新手范式（expert-novice pattern）”和“长期追踪研究范式（follow–up study）”开展递进式研究，补充了当前运动能力视角的认知神经科学研究的不足，为细化人体运动的中枢神经控制机制提供了支持。（1）研究一采用“专家-新手范式”考察耐力能力的脑结构和功能可塑性特征。以不同耐力水平的受试者76人（高水平26人，普通水平27人，对照组23人）为对象，使用fMRI测试其脑结构和BOLD信号，计算分析比较全脑灰质体积（brain gray matter volume，GMV）、比率低频振幅（fractional low-frequency amplitudes，fALFF）和度中心度（degree centrality，DC）。结果发现：在不同耐力水平阶段脑结构和功能呈现出不同特点，双侧海马、海马旁回以及小脑等脑区GMV随着耐力水平的提高持续增大，在高水平长跑耐力运动员组表现显著；普通水平长跑运动员默认网络和小脑发生功能重组。（2）研究二采用“长期追踪研究范式”对30名不同耐力水平的受试者（高水平10人，普通水平10人，对照组10人）进行为期2年的追踪研究，考察长期耐力训练对脑结构和功能可塑性特征的影响。研究结果显示：在高水平阶段，长期耐力训练会导致左侧背外侧前额叶皮质脑区DC显著性增加；在普通水平阶段，长期耐力训练脑结构和功能变化较大，具体表现为：双侧前额叶脑区、双侧内侧额叶、右侧脑岛、右侧壳核以及右侧额顶枕颞交界处的GMV显著升高，双侧小脑后叶GMV显著下降；与此同时，左侧丘脑DC显著降低，右侧颞叶以及双侧背外侧前额叶皮质DC显著增高；右侧中央前回fALFF显著增高。对照组脑结构和功能未发现明显变化。（3）研究三探讨耐力能力与脑结构和功能之间的关系。以32名不同耐力水平的受试者（高水平7人，普通水平10人，对照组15人）为对象，测量其脑结构和功能可塑性特征等神经生理学数据、运动素质和运动表现等行为学数据，分析各个指标之间的相关性。结果发现：海马、海马旁回、小脑以及额叶的前运动皮层、内侧额叶、背外侧前额叶皮质、中央前回等多个脑区与耐力能力呈现显著的相关性。此外，中枢神经系统在不同耐力活动参与和耐力能力水平的人群中的调节和控制模式存在差异。

This study focuses on the characteristics of endurance capacity and brain structure and functional activities of endurance training, aiming at the different endurance capacity of different individuals, combining fMRI technology and kinematics tests, and comprehensively using the expert-novice pattern and follow-up study to carry out a series of progressive research. This study makes up for the shortcomings of current research that from a single athletic capacity perspective and provides evidence for refining the central nervous control mechanism of human movement.(1) Study 1 used the expert-novice paradigm to examine the brain structural and functional of endurance capacity. A total of 76 subjects with different endurance levels (26 subjects at high level, 27 subjects at normal level, and 23 subjects in control group) were recruited. Brain structure and BOLD signals were acquired using FMRI, and then the whole brain gray matter volume (GMV), fractional low-frequency amplitudes(fALFF) and degree centrality(DC) were compared by computational analysis. The results showed that the brain structure and function showed different characteristics at different endurance levels. The GMV of bilateral hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, and cerebellum continues to increase with the improvement of endurance level, and it was significant in the high-level long-distance runners. Functional reorganization occured in the default mode network and cerebellum in normal level distance runner.(2) Study 2 used a long-term follow-up research paradigm to conduct a two-year follow-up study on 30 subjects with different endurance levels (10 subjects at high level, 10 subjects at normal level, and 10 subjects in the control group), aiming to investigate the effects of long-term endurance training on brain structural and functional plasticity characteristics.The results showed that, at high levels, long-term endurance training resulted in a significant increase in DC in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; At the normal level, long-term endurance training has a massive impact on brain structure and function. Specifically, GMV was significantly increased in the bilateral prefrontal brain regions, bilateral medial frontal lobes, right insula, right putamen, and right fronto-parieto-occipitotemporal regions and decreased in the bilateral posterior cerebellum. Meanwhile, DC was significantly increased in the right temporal lobe and bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal lobe and decreased in the left thalamus. The fALFF of the right precentral gyrus was significantly increased. In addition, no changes in brain structure and function were found in the control group.(3) Study 3 aimed to explore the relationship between endurance capacity and brain plasticity. 32 subjects with different endurance levels (7 at high level, 10 at normal level, and 15 at control group) were recruited. Neurophysiological data such as brain structural and functional plasticity characteristics and behavioral data such as endurance capacity were obtained, and then analyzed to determine the correlation. The results showed that the hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, cerebellum, premotor cortex, medial frontal lobe, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, precentral gyrus and other brain regions were significantly positively correlated with endurance ability. Furthermore, differences exist in the mode of regulation and control of the central nervous system in populations with different levels of endurance exercise participation and endurance capacity.