在14—16世纪，西藏出现了一群被称为“疯圣者”（smyon pa）的藏传佛教修行者，他们深谙佛法教义，却不囿于寺院，而是四处云游，他们追求圆满成就，志在利益教法和众生，但在衣着、饮食和言语行为等方面表现得像疯子一样，做出了许多骇人听闻的行为，这种人物形象的原型其实来自古印度的大成就者（mahāsiddha），在西藏发展出了新的形式。本文以这些“疯圣者”中的典型——“藏念嘿噜噶”（即桑杰坚赞）为代表进行研究。长期以来，由于藏文资料的缺失，学界对桑杰坚赞的生平知之甚少，直到发现他的亲传弟子们为他所写的三部传记，才为了解这位传奇人物提供了一手信息。然而国内学界对桑杰坚赞及以其为代表的藏传佛教“疯圣者”至今仍鲜有关注。本文以桑杰坚赞的藏文传记文本为基础材料，在对他的亲传弟子俄珠白帕为他撰写的藏文传记进行全文翻译的基础上，以桑杰坚赞的其他传记为补充，以及与之相关的地方史、佛教史、人物传记等在内的藏文材料和学界已有的研究成果，对桑杰坚赞的生平进行详细解读。通过考察桑杰坚赞的生平经历，分析他学习佛法和修行的历程、具体讨论桑杰坚赞所做的“疯行”、成为“疯圣者”的经过、成为“疯圣者”之后的主要事业和贡献，以及他的弟子们对其传统的继承发展等等。进一步地，本文将探讨桑杰坚赞等“疯圣者”做出“疯行”的原因，首先从宗教层面出发，从藏传佛教教法的内容中寻找关于“疯行”这种修行的解释和规定，再结合14—16世纪西藏的政治社会环境和宗教发展的历史背景，分析桑杰坚赞这样的“疯圣者”在当时兴起的多层原因和形成的影响。最后得出结论认为，所谓的“疯行”其实是藏传佛教中一种较高等级的修行，桑杰坚赞“疯圣者”形象的建立既是他本人修行成就的结果，也是他为了弘扬噶举派教法和修行传统而做出的策略选择。
During the 14th-16th century, a group of Tibetan Buddhist practitioners known as “holy madmen” (Tib. smyon pa) appeared in Tibet. They were proficient in the teachings and rituals of Tibetan Buddhism. Instead of staying in monasteries, they wandered around in pursuit of perfection. Aiming to benefit the Buddhist teachings and sentient beings, they behaved like lunatics in terms of clothing, food, speech and behavior, and performed many appalling behaviors. The prototype of this image actually comes from the mahāsiddha of ancient India, and it has developed a new form in Tibet. This article takes the representative of these “holy madmen”, i.e., “Gtsang smyon Heruka” (Sangs rgyas rgyal mtshan) for research. For a long time, due to the lack of Tibetan materials, the academic circles had little knowledge of Sangs rgyal rgyal mtshan. It was not until the discovery of three biographies written by his main disciples that the first-hand information about this legendary figure was provided. However, domestic academic circles still pay little attention to Sangs rgyas rgyal mtshan and the “holy madmen” of Tibetan Buddhism. Based on the full-text translation of Sangs rgyas rgyal mtshan’s biography written by one of his disciples, this dissertation combines relevant local history, history of Tibetan Buddhism, and other related Tibetan materials and existing research achievements to discuss the life of Sangs rgyas rgyal mtshan. Through examing the life experience of Sangs rgyal rgyal mtshan, this dissertation analyzes his learning and practice of Tibetan Buddhism, his journey of becoming a “holy madman”, his main career and achievements after becoming a “holy madman”, and his disciples’ inheritance and development of his tradition, etc. Furthermore, this dissertation explains the reasons why Sangs rgyas rgyal mtshan and others behaved like “madmen”, seeks the answer to “madness” from the content of Tibetan Buddhist teachings, and combines the political and social environment and the historical background of religious development of the 14th-16th century in Tibet to analyze the multi-layered reasons for the rise of “holy madmen” at that time and their influence. Finally, it is concluded that the so-called "madness" is actually a relatively high level of practice in Tibetan Buddhism. The establishment of the image of Sangs rgyas rgyal mtshan as a “holy madman” was not only the result of his own spiritual achievements, but also a strategic choice he made to promote the teachings and old traditions of the Bka’ brgyud sect of Tibetan Buddhism.
