无产阶级专政理论是马克思国家观的重要内容。然而，东西方学者对于马克思无产阶级专政理论褒贬不一，尤其是将马克思无产阶级专政理论等同于专制独裁，否定或片面夸大马克思无产阶级专政理论的制度构想，或者将专政与民主对立起来。这是对马克思的误解。因此，正本清源，还原马克思无产阶级专政理论的原像，阐明无产阶级专政与无产阶级民主的关系，具有重要意义。马克思无产阶级专政理论的形成与发展历程，与唯物史观密切相关，体现为“具体-抽象-具体”的演变逻辑，最终目标是实现共产主义和人的自由全面发展。马克思早年对无产者利益的关注和对国家问题的法哲学思考，构成无产阶级专政理论的经验起点；唯物史观和唯物主义国家观，构成无产阶级专政的理论基础；对1848年欧洲革命和巴黎公社的经验总结，构成无产阶级专政理论从抽象到具体实践的两次升华。无产阶级专政的概念和思想内容不能割裂开来，无产阶级专政具有民主内涵。马克思无产阶级专政理论的实质是无产阶级民主。从经济基础看，无产阶级专政的公有制，为无产阶级民主奠定了所有制基础。从政治形式看，无产阶级专政是无产阶级统治，使公共权力具有无产阶级民主性质，保障了人民当家做主。从演进趋势看，无产阶级专政是从资本主义到共产主义的过渡时期的政治形式，目的是消灭一切阶级及其存在的经济基础，为人的自由全面发展创造必要的社会经济条件。从制度层面看，制度化是无产阶级专政建构政治秩序、发挥公共管理职能、实现人民当家做主的必然选择；无产阶级专政的制度化坚持人民主权原则、社会收回国家权力原则，坚持人民主体地位；以巴黎公社为代表的无产阶级专政实践，形成了真正民主制、政治民主制度、经济民主制度等制度体系，具有良好的制度优势和治理效能。从比较视野看，无产阶级专政与自由主义民主具有本质区别，无产阶级专政在根本上超越了自由主义民主。无产阶级专政并非专制独裁，本质是无产阶级民主，要正确看待无产阶级专政的民主制度构想。马克思逝世之后，第二国际理论家对马克思无产阶级专政理论存在争论甚至误解；列宁则发展了马克思无产阶级专政理论，正确认识到了无产阶级专政的必要性、领导策略、及其与无产阶级民主的辩证关系。在新时代科学认识马克思无产阶级专政理论，有利于坚持发展人民民主专政、保障人民当家做主、客观认识资产阶级民主、推动国家治理现代化、发展全过程人民民主。

The theory of proletarian dictatorship is an important part of Marx's view of the state. However, eastern and western scholars have mixed views on proletarian dictatorship. In particular, it is a misunderstanding of Marx to equate Marx's theory of proletarian dictatorship with despotic dictatorship, deny or unilaterally exaggerate Marx's institutional conception of the proletarian dictatorship, or oppose the dictatorship against democracy. Therefore, it is of great significance to clear up the source, restore the original image of Marx's theory of the proletarian dictatorship, and clarify the relationship between the proletarian dictatorship and the proletarian democracy.The formation and development process of Marx's proletarian dictatorship theory is closely related to historical materialism, which is reflected in the evolution logic of "concrete-abstract-concrete". Its ultimate goal is to achieve communism and the free and full development of human beings. In his early years, Marx's attention to the interests of the proletariat and his legal and philosophical thinking on the state issues constituted the empirical starting point of the theory of the proletarian dictatorship. Historical materialism and materialist state view constituted the theoretical basis of the proletarian dictatorship. The summary of the experience of the 1848 European Revolution and the Paris Commune constituted two sublimation of the theory of proletarian dictatorship from abstract to concrete practice. The concept and ideological content of the proletarian dictatorship cannot be separated, and the proletarian dictatorship has democratic connotation. The essence of Marx's proletarian dictatorship theory is proletarian democracy. From the perspective of economic foundation, the public ownership of the proletarian dictatorship has laid the foundation of ownership for the proletarian democracy. From the perspective of political form, the proletarian dictatorship is the rule of the proletariat, which makes the public power have the democratic nature of the proletariat, and ensures that the people are masters of the country. From the trend of evolution, the proletarian dictatorship is a political form in the transition period from capitalism to communism, and its purpose is to eliminate all classes and the economic basis of their existence, and to create the necessary social and economic conditions for the free and comprehensive development of human beings. From the institutional level, institutionalization is the inevitable choice for the proletarian dictatorship to construct the political order, give full play to the public management function, and realize the people as masters of the country. The institutionalization of the proletarian dictatorship adheres to the principle of people's sovereignty, the social recovery of state power, and the principal position of the people. The practice of the proletarian dictatorship represented by the Paris Commune has formed a real democratic, political democratic and economic democratic systems, which have good institutional advantages and governance efficiency. From a comparative perspective, the proletarian dictatorship is fundamentally different from liberal democracy, and the proletarian dictatorship fundamentally transcends liberal democracy. The proletarian dictatorship is not despotic dictatorship, but essentially is proletarian democracy. The democratic system conception of proletarian dictatorship should be viewed correctly.After Marx's death, the second international theorists debated and even misinterpreted Marx's theory of proletarian dictatorship. Lenin, however, developed Marx's theory of the proletarian dictatorship, and correctly realized the necessity of the proletarian dictatorship, its leadership strategy, and its dialectical relationship with the proletarian democracy. A scientific understanding of Marx's theory of proletarian dictatorship in the new era is conducive to upholding the development of the people's democratic dictatorship, ensuring the people as masters of the country, having an objective understanding of bourgeois democracy, promoting the modernization of national governance, and developing people's democracy in the whole process.