人类情绪是复杂的，既体现在“情随事迁”的背景依赖性，又表现在“百感交集”的情绪共现性。但在情绪反应个体差异的相关研究中，人类情绪的这两种固有属性却尚未得到充分关注。本研究因此提出“情绪档案”概念以描述个体背景依赖的多情绪共现模式，并开展了一系列实验回答以下三个问题：如何测量情绪档案的个体差异？如何解释情绪档案个体差异的产生机制？情绪档案个体差异是否具有临床应用价值？在方法层面，本研究提出以多种情绪背景下的多种情绪反应构成的高维空间中的个体间距离作为情绪档案个体差异的测量方案，并通过研究一的两项行为实验考察这一测量方案的信效度。实验1采用情绪视频素材诱发被试个性化的情绪反应，发现多种情绪背景下的多种情绪反应构成的高维空间可以有效捕捉个体的情绪丰富性、积极情绪偏向性、消极情绪偏向性等情绪反应特征。实验2沿用实验1的范式，招募被试进行两轮重复测量，发现本研究提出的情绪档案个体差异测量方案具有良好的重测信度。在理论层面，研究二通过一项行为实验与一项脑电实验研究情绪档案个体差异的解释路径。实验3进一步分析实验2数据，发现情绪档案的个体差异既来源于个体对情境的个性化评价模式，也受到个体情绪概念系统与核心情感状态差异的影响。实验4招募被试观看情绪视频并记录脑电信号，发现情绪档案的个体差异被前额与颞顶区域delta频带活动以及额区theta频带活动表征；并且积极与消极情绪档案分别被左侧与右侧颞顶区域delta频带活动表征。在应用层面，研究三以抑郁症这一常见情感性精神障碍为切入点，开展了一项行为实验与一项脑电实验以评估情绪档案的临床应用价值。实验5沿用实验1、2的范式测量抑郁患者与非临床样本的情绪主观体验档案，发现多种情绪主观体验档案指标可以有效区分抑郁患者与非临床样本。实验6利用多类细分情绪图片诱发的事件相关电位响应测量个体的情绪神经响应档案，为前人研究的相关争议提供了新的理论解释，并发现基于情绪神经响应档案建立的抑郁检测分类器具有显著优于传统方案的性能。综上，本研究提出了情绪档案这一全新的情绪反应个体差异研究方法，在充分正视情绪反应的背景依赖性和共现性的前提下实现了对情绪反应个体差异的有效、可靠测量，突破了传统研究过度简化情绪现象的局限性。基于情绪档案的神经科学研究有助于厘清情绪反应个体差异的来源。情绪档案视角还可为抑郁患者的情绪反应模式提供更精细的“画像”，临床应用潜力良好。
Human emotion is a complex construct that usually involves multiple emotions blended in a context-dependent manner. However, the inherent context-dependent and co-occurring nature of human emotion have been understated in previous studies on individual differences in emotional responses. The current study therefore proposes the concept of ‘emotion profiles’ to describe an individual’s context-dependent and co-occurring pattern of emotions, and conducted a series of experiments to answer three questions: How to assess the individual differences in people’s emotion profiles? Why do people have individualized emotion profiles? And how can the emotion profile perspective contribute to clinical practice?Study 1 proposed a novel measurement of individual differences in emotion profiles. The individual difference in emotion profiles was assessed as the inter-individual distance in a high-dimensional space composed of multiple emotion responses in multiple emotional contexts, and the validity and reliability of this measurement were examined through two behavioral experiments. Experiment 1 used emotional videos to elicit people’s multiple emotions in multiple contexts (emotion profiles) and found that the high-dimensional space of emotion profiles could effectively capture individuals’ emotion response characteristics, including emotional richness, positive emotion bias, and negative emotion bias. Experiment 2 followed the paradigm of Experiment 1 and recruited participants for two rounds of repeated measures, and found that the measurement of individual differences in emotion profile had good test-retest reliability.Study 2 explained why people have individualized emotion profiles through a behavioral experiment and an EEG experiment. Experiment 3 further analyzed the data from Experiment 2 and found that individual differences in emotion profiles stemmed from both the individualized appraisal patterns and the individualized conceptual systems and core affect states. Experiment 4 recruited participants to watch emotional videos and recorded their EEG signals, and found that individual differences in emotion profiles were represented by delta-band activities in prefrontal and temporo-parietal regions and theta-band activities in frontal regions; and positive and negative emotion profiles were represented by the delta-band activities in left and right temporo-parietal regions, respectively.Study 3 estimated how the emotion profile perspective could contribute to clinical practice through a behavioral and an EEG experiment. Experiment 5 followed the paradigm of Experiments 1 and 2 to assess the subjective emotion profiles of MDD patients and non-clinical samples, and found that multiple indicators derived from emotion profile could effectively distinguish MDD patients and non-clinical samples. Experiment 6 recorded MDD patients’ and non-clinical samples’ ERP responses to multiple discrete emotions (neural emotion profiles), providing a novel theoretical explanation for the controversies in depression-emotion relationship studies. In addition, neural emotion response profiles also exhibited better performance in depression detection than traditional protocols.In summary, the current study provided a novel approach to assess the individual difference in emotional responses based on the context-dependent and co-occurring nature of human emotions, which were often oversimplified in traditional studies. Neural representations of emotion profiles helped further clarify the mechanism underlying individualized emotion responses. And the emotion profile perspective provided a finer ‘portrait’ for the emotion response pattern of MDD patients, which was promising for potential clinical applications.
