近年来，为满足不断增长的机构养老服务需求，在一系列国家政策的推动下，我国老年人照料设施持续高速建设，建成项目数量可观。然而相关调查和研究显示，当前照料设施的发展建设存在诸多问题：一方面由于建设速度较快，部分照料设施的空间环境质量不佳，难以很好地满足老年人的居住生活需求和工作人员的运营服务需求，无法保障老年人的生活品质；另一方面由于缺乏对建成项目的回顾，既有项目取得的经验教训未能及时转化为指导新项目建设的依据，导致空间环境与使用需求不匹配的问题反复出现。未来仍将有大量照料设施待建设或改造，为及时复盘纠错，急需对既有设施进行使用后评价。然而照料设施作为特殊的建筑类型，目前国内相关评价类研究较少，如何对其开展使用后评价尚不明晰。因此，本文希望从各类使用者的使用需求入手，构建适用于我国的老年人照料设施空间环境使用后评价体系，以积极推动评价实践。本文首先通过文献及案例研究，总结归纳了老年人照料设施的空间构成及两类主要使用者——入住老人及工作人员的使用需求，在此基础上，通过系统性文献综述、专家调查和层次分析法构建了使用后评价体系；然后确定了评价流程、设计了评估工具、细化了数据收集分析方法，对初版评价体系进行了实践应用，包括对37家照料设施的客观综合评价和对12家照料设施的主观满意度评价；接着对收集到的评价数据进行了全面的定量和定性分析，获得了三部分评价反馈成果，包括对照料设施现状问题的总结、对问题原因的分析和对焦点问题的设计建议；最后基于评价实践及其反馈成果带来的启示，对初版评价体系从评价指标模型、评价方法和评价成果反馈形式三方面进行了优化。本研究将使用后评价理论应用于养老建筑领域，构建了老年人照料设施空间环境使用后评价体系，包括完整的评价指标模型和具体的评价方法，其中指标模型由5个一级指标、14个二级指标、37个三级指标和175条评价要点构成，评价方法包括以空间环境量表为依托的客观综合评价和以问卷调查为依托的主观满意度评价。研究形成的主客观评价流程、评估工具和数据收集分析方法，可为老年人照料设施的使用后评价提供具体的技术支撑，从而促进评价工作的开展，为今后的相关标准修订和项目实践提供实证依据，进而提升建成空间环境质量，使其更好地满足使用者需求，最终提高入住老人在照料设施中的生活品质。
To meet the growing demand for professional aged care services, with the promotion of a series of national policies, China's elderly care facilities have been under rapid construction in recent years, with a considerable number of completed projects. However, related reports and studies show that there are many problems in the current development and construction of care facilities. On the one hand, due to the rapid construction, the physical environment quality of some facilities is not good, which is difficult to meet the living needs of the elderly and the service needs of the staff, and cannot guarantee the life quality of the resident. On the other hand, due to the lack of review of completed projects, the experience and lessons gained from existing projects have not been timely translated into the design basis for new projects, resulting in problems of mismatching between the environment and users’ needs repeatedly. In the future, there will still be a large number of care facilities to be built or rebuilt, and it is urgent to conduct post occupancy evaluation (POE) of existing aged care facilities to define and correct mistakes. However, it is not clear how to carry out POE of aged care facilities in China on account of the lack of relevant research. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to build a POE system of elderly care facilities based on users’ needs, so as to promote the practice of POE.Firstly, the paper summarizes the spatial characteristics of elderly care facilities and space requirements of the elderly and the staff through literature research and case studies. Based on users’ requirements, a preliminary POE system is constructed by systematic literature review, expert investigation and analytic hierarchy process. Secondly, the evaluation process is defined, the evaluation tools are designed, the data collecting & processing methods are refined, and the preliminary POE system is applied, including objective evaluation of 37 aged care facilities and satisfaction evaluation of 12 care facilities. Thirdly, a comprehensive quantitative and qualitative analysis on the collected evaluation data is conducted to obtain three parts of evaluation feedbacks, including the summary of current problems in care facilities, the analysis of causes of the problems, and design suggestions on the key issues. Finally, based on the inspiration from the evaluation practices and feedbacks, the initial version of the POE system is optimized in evaluation index model, evaluation methods and feedback form of evaluation results.This research applies the POE theory to the field of elderly care buildings, expanding the application scope of POE theory from the perspective of building types. The POE system of elderly care facilities constructed in this study includes a complete evaluation index model and specific evaluation methods, in which the index model consists of 5 primary indicators, 14 secondary indicators, 37 tertiary indicators and 175 evaluation points, and the evaluation methods include objective evaluation based on environment assessment tool and subjective evaluation based on satisfaction survey. The subjective and objective evaluation process, assessment tools and data collecting & processing methods developed in the study can provide concrete technical support for POE practice in the field of elderly care buildings, thus facilitating the evaluation work, providing empirical evidence for the revision of relevant standards and project practice in the future, and ultimately improving the quality of physical environment and the quality of life of the elderly living in the age care facilities.
