固体推进剂在军事和航天领域有广泛且重要的应用，燃速促进剂是其重要组分，具有调节燃速，稳定燃烧的作用。近几十年，研究者致力于开发新的燃速促进剂，期望提高其促进作用，提升推进剂的能量水平。本文从微观结构出发，制备了分级结构镍基燃速促进剂，用于促进固体推进剂中氧化剂高氯酸铵（AP）的分解反应，并研究了制备与应用中诸多规律与科学问题。首先，本论文以甲酸镍为镍源，乙二胺为络合剂，乙二醇为溶剂，聚乙烯吡咯烷酮为稳定剂及分散剂，在180 oC下反应30~60 min制备得到由纳米片构成的中空分级结构含镍中间体颗粒。其粒径可通过控制反应液中甲酸镍-乙二胺的浓度在0.2~2 μm范围内调控，壳层厚约150 nm，片层厚10~20 nm，颗粒分散性良好，团聚粒径小于3 μm。研究表明中间体是由镍离子与甲酸根和乙二醇相互作用在溶剂中析出形成，其片层结构是由致密球壳发生收缩而形成。然后，在N2氛下350 oC处理中间体30 min得到相应的镍粉，其形貌结构保持完好、比表面积大（65 m2?g-1）、分散性好。得益于分级结构带来的这些特点，可在5 wt%用量下降低AP分解反应的高温放热峰温度144 oC，提高放热量1.6倍，优于纳米镍粉。在不破坏分级结构镍粉的结构的前提下，粒径越小，促进效果越好。分级结构镍粉的加入使AP分解产物中NO、HCl、H2O的比例上升，表明反应更加充分。通过非等温实验计算得到含分级结构镍粉的AP分解反应的表观活化能为104（低温分解段）和179 kJ?mol-1（高温分解段），指前因子为1012.0（低温分解段）和1021.5s-1（高温分解段）。此外，分级结构镍粉在反应中先后转化为了NiO和NiCl2。最后，在分级结构镍基中间体的基础上，使用甲酸铜合乙酸钴络合物溶液对中间体浸渍后再热处理，得到了CuNi、CoNi与CuCoNi复合金属粉。复合粉同样有分级结构，Cu和Co在镍基骨架上负载均匀。由于协同效应和分散效应，复合粉对AP分解的促进作用优于纯镍粉。考察负载量、分散形式的影响，发现CuNi复合粉在低负载量下性能提升较快，但对分散形式不敏感，表明CuNi复合粉的协同效应较强；CoNi复合粉性能随负载量提升而逐渐提升，但CoNi复合粉远好于纳米Co与纯镍粉的物理混合物，表明CoNi复合粉的分散效应更显著。分析复合粉在AP分解后的产物得知，复合粉最终以氧化物形式存在，无氯化物产生，说明复合粉不易与AP分解产生的HCl反应，因此在整个反应过程中都维持了高活性。

Solid propellant is widely used in military and aerospace fields. Combustion catalyst is an important component to adjust the burning rate of propellant and stabilize combustion. In the past decades, researchers had devoted to exploring new materials as combustion catalysts to increase the energy of solid propellant. In this work, nickel-based metal particles with hierarchical structure were prepared and applied for promoting the decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP), which is the oxidant of solid propellant. The scientific problems of synthesis and application were investigated.Firstly, the nickel-contained intermediate was synthesised by the reaction of nickel formate-ethanediamine complex in ethylene glycol at 180 oC for 60 min, with polyvinylpyrrolidone as the dispersing and stabilizing agent. The nickel-contained intermediates are submicro/microparticles with the micro-nano heiarchical hollow structure, in which the shells are constituted of nano sheets. The diameter of intermediate could be well controlled from 0.2 to 2 μm by adjusting the concentration of nickel complex in reaction mixture. The shell thickness is about 150 nm, and the nanosheets` thickness is about 10~20 nm. The size of intermediate aggregation is less than 3 μm. It is illustrated that the intermediate was generated and precipated by the reaction between nickel ions, formate, and ethylene glycol. The micro-nano heiarchical hollow structure was formed by the shrinking of shell.Secondly, the nickel particles with similar morphology were obtained by annealing the intermediate. The heat treatment conditions were optimized to be 350 oC for 30 min at N2 atmosphere, promising an intact morphology, high specific surface area (65 m2?g-1), and good dispersity of the nickel particles. Then, the nickel particles were applied on promoting the decomposition of AP. With a dosage of 5 wt%, the peak of high temperature decomposition decreased by 144 oC, and the heat release enhanced by 1.6 times. Comparing with commercial macro and nano nickel solid particles, the hierarchical hollow nickel particles behavied a better perfomance, on account of its advantage of hierarchical structure. It is showed that smaller nickel hollow particles had the better performance, on condition that the structure hadn`t been destroyed. The decomposition products of AP were semiquantitatively analyzed. The relative amount of NO, HCl, and H2O increased, indicating that the reaction proceeded more thoroughly with prepared Ni particles. The apparent activation energy and pre-exponential factors of the promoted AP decomposition were calculated by non-isothermal experiments. The apparent activation energy were 104 kJ?mol-1 at low temperature stage and 179 kJ?mol-1 at high temperature stage. The pre-exponential factor are 1012.0 s-1 at low temperature stage and 1021.5s-1 at high temperature stage. It is evidenced that nickel would be oxidized to nickel oxide at the begaining of the AP`s decomposition, and nickel oxide would then turned to nickel chloride.Finally, on basis of the nickel-contained intermediate with hierarchical structure, CuNi, CoNi, and CuCoNi composite metal particles were prepared by immersing the intermediate with copper formate or cobalt acetate solution before annealing. The composite metal particles have the similar hierarchical structure with intermediate. Cu and Co load on the Ni freamwork evenly. For the synergistic effect and dispersed effect of composite particles, they behavied better than the pure nickel particles on promoting AP decomposition. The promoting performance of CuNi and CoNi composite partcles under different loading amounts and mixing method were studied. It is showed that the performance of CuNi composite partcles enhanced sharply as increasing load at low range, but weakly affected by mixing method, indicating CuNi composite partcles have a significant synergistic effect. The performance of CoNi composite partcles increased gradually while loading amout inceased. The CoNi composite partcles behaved much better than the nano-Co/hollow Ni mixture. It indicates that the CoNi composite partcles have a significant dispersed effect. Besides, the product of those composite metal particles after AP decomposition reaction were also analyzed. Different from pure hollow nickel particles, the composite particles would just be oxidized to metal oxide but wouldn`t react with HCl to form chlorides. So, the promoting activity of composite particles would be consistent during the AP decomposition.