近年来，我国人口老龄化速度呈现加快趋势，针对此种局面，学术界和政策部门进行了数量可观的老龄人口、养老服务体系建设研究。笔者通过文献梳理和实地调研发现，不少养老服务体系的研究成果存在与基层社区老龄人口实际养老需求“不接轨”的现象。相比较而言，目前对于我国老龄人口养老需求的研究明显偏弱，所以，本论文将研究重心放在老龄人口养老需求方面。本文认为，对于老龄人口养老需求的研究，应成为我国养老服务体系构建的出发点和基础。本研究在梳理养老需求相关文献和在对于老年人家庭入户调研的基础上，提出了关于老龄人口养老需求四大分类构想：即养老经济需求、养老服务需求、养老精神需求和养老发展需求。本研究首先对于B市的社区、小区进行了老龄人口家庭抽样入户问卷调研，对老年人进行了深度访谈，获得了一手养老需求数据。然后，本研究使用CHARLS全国微观调查数据进行实证数据分析。这样，既避免了案例研究缺少代表性的问题，又避免了全国大样本数据缺少与老年人面对面互动亲身体验之缺陷。所以，正如本论文的副标题所突出的，是一项基于实地调研与全国数据两者相结合的研究。本研究发现，我国老龄人口社会分层现象十分突出，养老需求差异很大，在构建养老服务体系的时候，必须考虑到满足不同老龄社会群体的不同养老需求。在养老经济需求方面应更多地关注那些收入低下、养老金低下、社会福利、社会和社会保障水平较低的老龄人口，以使公共财政养老支出实现边际效益最大化，对于有养老金融需求的老龄人口，应创新更多的养老金融服务渠道。研究发现养老服务需求强烈、被满足程度较低，养老服务亟待提升。养老精神需求方面，老年人最希望得到家人子女的精神慰藉。从养老发展需求看，老龄人口闲暇生活以及再就业等有极大的拓展余地。最后，针对养老需求的上述难题，本文从制度层面、市场层面、社会层面和家庭层面提出了一些构建养老服务体系的对策。

In recent years, the aging of China's population is accelerating. In light of this trend, the academia and government agencies have carried out considerable research on the construction of aging population and old-age service system. Through literature review and field research, the author found that many research results of pension service system are "out of line" with the actual needs of the elderly population in their daily lives. Comparatively speaking, the current research on the needs of the elderly population in China is largely underdeveloped. To fill this gap, this paper focuses on the needs of the elderly population. This paper argues that the study of the aged population's needs should be the starting point and foundation for the construction of China's elderly service system. On the basis of combing the literature related to the needs of the elderly and surveys of the elderly's households, this study puts forward four types of needs of the elderly population, namely economic needs for the elderly, service needs for the elderly, psychological needs for the elderly and developmental needs for the elderly. This study first conducted a household random sample survey of the elderly population in seleted local communities in city B, conducted in-depth interviews with the elderly, and obtained the first-hand data of the elderly. Then, this study conducted a series of quantitative analysis based on the nationally representative CHARLS dataset. In this way, not only the lack of representativeness in case studies but also the lack of face-to-face interaction with the elderly when simply using the large sample data of the country are avoided. This methodological innovation of the study is also reflected in the subtitle of this paper, namely, a study combining fieldwork and national survey data. This study found that the social stratification of the elderly population in China is very prominent, and the demand for the elderly care varies greatly. When constructing the elderly service system, it is necessary to take into account the different needs of different elderly social groups. In terms of economic demand, more attention should be paid to the elderly population with low income, low pension, low social welfare and low social security level, so as to maximize the marginal benefit of public pension expenditure. For the elderly population with financial demand, more pension financial service channels should be explored and provided. The study found that the demand for service is strong and the degree of satisfaction is low, and the service needs to be improved urgently. In terms of psychological needs, the elderly mostly hope to get emotional comfort from their families and children. From the perspective of the developmental needs of the elderly, both leisure life and re-employment of the elderly population have great room to expand. Finally, in view of the above-mentioned problems of elderly-care demand, this paper puts forward some policy suggestions for constructing the elderly service system at the institutional level, the market level, the societal level and the family level.