农村生活垃圾处理是我国城乡环境治理中的薄弱环节，也是新阶段垃圾分类推行和“无废城市”建设的重点攻坚方向。本论文在对我国农村生活垃圾产生现状与处理历程进行系统深入的调研基础上，明确了我国农村生活垃圾产生量及组分的区域分布特征，识别了主要处理技术在应用中存在的主要问题，提出了我国农村生活垃圾处理典型模式，并比较评价了不同模式的技术经济特性与减污降碳潜力，进而提出基于区域特征的我国农村生活垃圾处理发展路径与保障机制，可为新形势下我国农村生活垃圾长效治理提供一定的决策支持。明确了我国农村生活垃圾产生的时空变化特征并构建了综合管理数据库：2011 ~ 2020年我国农村生活垃圾人均产生量从0.43 kg/d增至0.70 kg/d，产生强度从5.62 t/（km2·a）增至16.8 t/（km2·a）； 2020年我国城镇与农村人均垃圾产生量比为1.58，产生强度比为175；基于368个地区农村人均可支配收入与垃圾产生量之间的相关性分析将全国分为一、二、三类区域，对应人均垃圾产生量中位值分别约为0.8kg/d、0.6kg/d与0.4kg/d，厨余含量依次降低，灰土含量依次升高。解析了我国农村生活垃圾处理技术与模式应用现状、技术经济特性与减污降碳潜力：2020年填埋、焚烧与其他技术应用占比分别为39.3%、13.9%与1.0%，农村小型化填埋、焚烧、堆肥、厌氧技术处理费用较城市规模化处理升高约1.2~3.1倍，且二次污染控制难度加大，达标困难；符合无害化处理要求的2种混合收运处理与4种分类收运处理模式综合处理费用在150 ~ 500 元/吨之间，典型分类处理模式可能增加150-200元/吨的投放收运费用。厨余垃圾集中厌氧消化和其他垃圾集中焚烧是实现碳减排的主要技术途径。提出了我国农村生活垃圾处理“三区域三步走”可持续发展路线。大部分农村地区逐步过渡至“分类收运-厨余垃圾集中处理+其他垃圾集中处置模式”，少数地区应用“分类收运-厨余垃圾分散处理+其他垃圾集中处置模式”，分区域分步骤实现全国农村环境卫生改善、环境质量改善、环境安全保障的目标，2025年处理费用需求约为390亿元，2035年增至700亿元，需要政府加大投入，促进收运处理设施规范化建设和专业化运营。相应地，需要建立以地方财政投入为主的多元化农村生活垃圾处理费用共担机制、城乡统筹的生活垃圾管理体系与设施系统，以及符合农村实际的小型化处理设施建设运营与污染控制标准体系。
Rural solid waste treatment was the weakest link in China's urban and rural environmental governance, and it was also the key direction of the implementation of waste classification and the construction of "zero-waste city" in the new stage. Based on the systematic and deep investigation of the generation and treatment process and current situation of rural solid waste, this thesis analyzed the regional distribution characteristics of the amount and components of rural solid waste in China, identified the main problems existing in the practical application of the main rural solid waste treatment technologies, and defined the typical treatment mode of rural solid waste in China. This thesis also evaluated the technical and economic performance and carbon reduction potential of different models, and then put forward the development path and guarantee mechanism of rural solid waste treatment in China based on regional characteristics, which could provide some decision support for the long-term treatment of rural solid waste in China under the new situation.The spatial and temporal variation characteristics of rural solid waste in China were clarified and a comprehensive management database was constructed. The per capita production of rural solid waste increased from 0.43 kg/d to 0.70 kg/d from 2011 to 2020. The production intensity increased from 5.62 ton/(km2?a) to 16.8 ton/(km2?a). In 2020, the ratio of urban and rural per capita waste production was 1.58, and the ratio of production intensity was 175. Based on the correlation analysis between rural per capita disposable income and waste production in 368 regions, the country was divided into three types of regions. The corresponding median values of waste production per capita were about 0.8kg/d, 0.6kg/d and 0.4kg/d respectively. The content of food waste decreased in turn, and the content of lime soil increased in turn.The application status, technical and economic characteristics, potential of reducing pollution and carbon of rural solid waste treatment technology and mode in China were analyzed. In 2020, the application proportion of landfill, incineration and other technologies was 39.3%, 13.9% and 1.0% respectively, and the treatment cost of rural small-scale landfill, incineration, composting and anaerobic treatment was about 1.2~3.1 times higher than that of urban large-scale treatment, and the secondary pollution control would be more difficult and it would be difficult to reach the standard. The comprehensive treatment cost of two mixed collection and transportation treatment modes and four classified collection and transportation treatment modes that meet the requirements of harmless treatment was between 150 yuan / ton and 500 yuan / ton. The typical classified treatment mode would increase the delivery, collection and transportation cost of 150-200 yuan / ton. Centralized anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste and centralized incineration of other waste would be the main technical ways to achieve carbon emission reduction.This thesis proposed the sustainable development route of "three regions and three steps" for rural solid waste treatment in China. Most rural areas would gradually transition to the mode of "classified collection and transportation - centralized treatment of food waste + centralized treatment of other waste". A few areas would apply the mode of "classified collection and transportation - decentralized treatment of food waste + centralized treatment of other wastes" to achieve the goals of national rural environmental sanitation improvement, environmental quality improvement and environmental security step by step in different regions. The treatment cost demand would be about 39 billion yuan in 2025 and 70 billion yuan in 2035, The government need to increase investment to promote the standardized construction and professional operation of collection, transportation and treatment facilities. Accordingly, it should be necessary to establish a diversified rural solid waste treatment cost sharing mechanism based on local financial investment, a solid waste management system and facility system for urban and rural planning, and a standard system for the construction, operation and pollution control of small-scale treatment facilities in line with rural reality.
