苏联解体前，乌克兰拥有良好的工业基础和先进的军工业，是苏联重要的工业生产基地。然而苏联解体后，乌克兰却出现了严重的去工业化。事实上，原苏东国家均在一定程度上出现了去工业化问题。根据马克思主义产业资本循环理论和社会再生产理论，原苏东国家去工业化的本质是工业部门再生产的停滞和萎缩，而发达国家去工业化是资本家追求利润最大化的结果，两种去工业化的发生机制不同。乌克兰是原苏东国家去工业化问题的典型代表。通过梳理乌克兰的历史，乌克兰的工业化可以分为两个阶段，即工业起步阶段（沙俄时期）和工业腾飞阶段（苏联时期）。迄今为止，乌克兰的去工业化可以分为：转轨衰退阶段（1991—1998年）、工业恢复阶段（1994—2008年）、金融危机冲击恢复阶段（2009—2013年）以及工业停滞阶段（2014—2021年）。乌克兰去工业化的原因主要包括：第一，苏联解体导致国内贸易变为国际贸易，产业资本循环受阻，原有的社会再生产体系瓦解，社会再生产的补偿中断，最终导致经济循环中断；第二，新自由主义经济改革加剧工业部门萎缩，具体表现为私有化过程形成的寡头政治阻碍工业发展，激进的市场化改革对工业部门造成重创，贸易自由化造成外国工业品对民族工业的冲击；第三，不稳定的政治环境妨碍再生产顺利进行，敏感的地缘政治环境下大国博弈引发能源供应危机和国际贸易波动，“道路选择”困局下国内政治动荡，导致乌克兰在东西方左右摇摆，影响了工业生产的境稳定性与良性发展，导致去工业化现象的发生。去工业化给乌克兰造成了深远的影响。去工业化导致乌克兰经济持续低迷，国民收入水平降低，高失业率与人口危机；社会问题加剧，灰色产业盛行，甚至出现了极端民族主义；与俄罗斯的经济联系减少，导致长期被压抑的“脱俄入欧”情绪愈发高涨；经济和军事实力下降，国家发展的自主性下降，最终沦为大国博弈的牺牲品。乌克兰去工业化的教训给我们带来很多启示，警示我们在坚持对外开放的基础上，要独立自主发展工业、拥有完整的工业体系、保持政治稳定与政策连贯、防止寡头政治的形成。
Ukraine has experienced severe deindustrialisation after the disintegration of the Soviet Union. In fact, the former Soviet East all experienced the problem of deindustrialization . According to the Marxist theory of Industrial Capital Cycle and the theory of Social Reproduction, it can be known that the essence of deindustrialization in these countries is the stagnation and shrinkage of the reproduction in industrial department. Ukraine is a typical representative.The causes of deindustrialization in Ukraine are as follows: Firstly, the disintegration of the Soviet Union led to the interruption of the industrial production cycle. The industrial capital cycle was interrupted and the reproduction is difficult to continue. Secondly, the neoliberal economic reforms exacerbated the shrinking of the industrial sector, as manifested by the oligarchy formed during the privatisation process, the radical market reforms that hit the industrial sector hard, and the trade liberalisation that caused the impact of foreign industrial goods on national industries. Thirdly, the unstable political environment. The game between major powers affects the stability of energy supply and international trade flow. The dilemma of "path choice" which led to Ukraine swaying between East and West, affecting the stability and virtuous development of industrial production.Deindustrialization has far-reaching effects on Ukrainian society. It has led to a continuing economic downturn, increased social problems, a reduction in economic ties with Russia, and make Ukraine become the victim of the great powers' game.The lessons of Ukraine's deindustrialization have taught us a great deal about the need to develop industry autonomously, to have an integrated industrial system, to maintain political stability and policy coherence, and to prevent the formation of oligarchy.
