在数字经济时代，数据已经成为一种新的生产要素，并深度参与生产、流通、分配和消费过程中，形成独具特点的价值运动规律；平台经济、共享经济等新商业模式以占有互联网数据为前提，因此大型平台企业积极推动数据的商品化与价值化，由此衍生出数据垄断、劳动控制、隐私泄露等诸多现实问题；然而，当前互联网数据的所有制问题尚未有清晰的界定，这影响了数据资源潜在的商业价值与社会价值的进一步开发。那么，上述数据被平台企业私人占有的模式是如何形成的？这背后体现了什么样的社会关系与生产关系？既有的理论研究并未侧重从政治经济学的角度对其展开阐释，而马克思主义所有制思想强调从权力关系上进行把握，从而更好地理解数据参与互联网生产的特殊性及其被私人占有的过程。马克思主义政治经济学的视角强调历史唯物主义的分析思路，这就需要将数据放置在整个生产力发展的宏观背景之下，回顾数据被生产要素化的历史过程。此外，一个以权力关系为核心的分析框架有助于探讨上述问题。权力结构包含了以互联网平台为代表的“社会量化部门”对直接劳动者的“经济支配”权力与对广泛意义上的社会个体实行的“超经济支配”权力，二者共同推动了数据独有的“双重价值生产”模式，即平台所提供服务产生的货币价值和通过占有数据产生的使用价值、交换价值与投机价值。平台的经济支配以雇佣关系或不稳定的劳动关系为途径，通过劳动控制施行支配权力；而超经济支配则是通过构建数据关系形成虚假的意识形态，并以数字“原始积累”为手段完成互联网空间中的数据私人占有。研究发现，追求资本价值增殖依然是以数据为核心的商业模式的基本原则，这在平台生产中的劳资关系尤其是劳动控制方面有所呈现；由于互联网平台的利润实现需要依附实体产业，这种不稳定且孱弱的盈利模式需要从更广阔的非生产部门中提取可以被商品化与价值化的数据，因此，在互联网空间中，超经济支配的广度与深度都会显著大于经济支配。上述分析对理解数据生产要素化的过程、数据的商品化与价值化、互联网空间生产的运行逻辑与权力关系等问题皆有一定的参考意义。
In the era of digital economy, data has become a new factor of production, and has deeply participated in the process of production, circulation, distribution and consumption, forming a unique law of value movement; new business models such as platform economy and sharing economy can occupy Internet data As the premise, large-scale platform companies actively promote the commercialization and value of data, which leads to many practical problems such as data monopoly, labor control, and privacy leakage; however, the current ownership of Internet data has not yet been clearly defined, which affects It further develops the potential commercial value and social value of data resources. So, how did the above-mentioned data privately owned by platform companies come into being? What kind of social relations and production relations are reflected behind this? Existing theoretical research does not focus on interpreting it from the perspective of political economy, while Marxist ownership thought emphasizes grasping from the power relationship, so as to better understand the particularity of data participating in Internet production and its private ownership. process.The perspective of Marxist political economy emphasizes the analytical thinking of historical materialism, which requires placing data in the macro background of the development of the entire productive force and reviewing the historical process of data being turned into factors of production. In addition, an analytical framework centered on power relations can help to explore the above issues. The power structure includes the "economic domination" power of the "social quantitative department" represented by the Internet platform over direct laborers and the "super-economic domination" power exercised over social individuals in a broad sense. The two jointly promote the uniqueness of data. The "dual value production" model of the platform, that is, the monetary value generated by the services provided by the platform and the use value, exchange value and speculative value generated through the possession of data. The economic domination of the platform takes the employment relationship or unstable labor relationship as a way to exercise dominance power through labor control; while super-economic domination is to form a false ideology through the construction of data relationships, and use digital "primitive accumulation" as a means to complete the Internet Private possession of data in the space.The study found that the pursuit of capital value appreciation is still the basic principle of a data-centered business model, which is reflected in the labor-management relationship in platform production, especially labor control; since the realization of profits of Internet platforms needs to rely on the real industry, this kind of The unstable and weak profit model needs to extract data that can be commodified and valued from the wider non-production sector. Therefore, in the Internet space, the breadth and depth of super-economic domination will be significantly greater than that of economic domination.The above analysis has certain reference significance for understanding the process of data production, the commercialization and value of data, the operation logic and power relationship of Internet space production.
