儿童照料中的性别不平等在当代家庭中十分突出，尽管一些家庭的父亲更多地参与育儿。为了促进更为平等的育儿实践，有必要探究家庭间的异质性何以形成。国际性别与家庭研究发展出四种解释性别化照料的路径：时间论、资源论、观念论，以及新兴的情感论，并嵌进宏观社会-文化背景和福利政策中。然而，尽管中国的照护安排和实践在全球化进程中的影响日益重要，但关于中国的多维因素调查很有限。因此，本研究旨在填补中国研究的缺口——呈现城市双薪父母如何分担儿童照料的图景，考察本土情境和制度下不平等的主要成因，并讨论对儿童照料和家庭政策的启示。此外，该研究希望在探索不同理论视角的影响、配偶之间的跨伴侣效应以及概念化不足的中国特色变量的基础上进一步加深我们对该议题的认识。针对这些目标，本研究利用包括2012 CGSS和2014-2015 CEPS在内的多源二手数据进行定量分析。具体来说，性别不平等是通过父母分担有偿工作和无偿照顾的总体倾向、父亲对不同类型育儿具体的相对贡献来测量的。基于描述性统计和多元线性回归模型的分析得出两点主要结论。第一，形塑（不）平等育儿分工的因素具有性别化的差异。对男性来说，配偶的低职业/劳动收入、传统的性别意识形态和高工作满意度使其倾向于女性承担更多的育儿责任；对女性来说，个人总收入占比低、职业/劳动收入占比高、对密集育儿的低认同和高工作-家庭冲突使其倾向于提升男性的育儿参与。第二，不同照料活动之间性别不平等的影响因素既有相似也有相异之处。一方面，对三类照料来说，父亲高学历、母亲低学历均对父亲育儿时间占比有正面作用。另一方面，父母就业对陪伴孩子娱乐玩耍的性别分工几乎没有作用，其主要受儿童性别、流动状态等结构性因素的影响；然而，母亲从事高端非农职业、父亲经营个体户分别使照料儿童生活起居方面的父职贡献升高、降低，母亲从事初级劳动可能会使父母更为平等地参与辅导子女学业功课；隔代照料仅减少了娱乐玩耍领域的父职占比。据此，研究对实证结果进行了阐释与讨论，并从时间弥补、托育服务、收入补充三大政策工具入手提出政策意涵。时间弥补方面的重点是缩小两性的休假时长差距，并保障照料者在休假时的薪资状况；对于托育服务，发展思路是提高服务供给能力与社会化程度、发挥适度普惠型福利的引领作用；就收入补充而言，未来的方向是中低水平的普惠性儿童津贴和广覆盖、多元化的个税抵扣项目。
Gender inequality in parenting practices is prominent in contemporary families, though some fathers are more involved in childcare compared with their counterparts. To navigate approaches towards more equal child-rearing practices, it is necessary to inquire the formation of heterogeneous care arrangements between families. International gender and family studies develop four paths explaining gendered childcare: time theory with employment schedule as core, resource theory with income and education as cores, norm theory represented by parenting beliefs and gender ideology, and the emerging emotion theory represented by work-family conflict, which are embedded in the macro socio-cultural backgrounds and welfare policies. However, investigations about multi-dimensional factors in China is limited, where care arrangements and practices have rising influence in globalization. Therefore, this research aims to address the gap in China studies, presenting the picture of how urban dual-earner parents are sharing childcare – or not, interrogating the main producers of inequality under local contexts and institutions, and discussing implications for family and childcare policies. Besides, the research is expected to further develop our knowledge of the issue by exploring influences of different theoretical perspectives, cross-partner effects between spouses, and under-conceptualized Chinese complexities. To these objectives, the project uses multi-source data from 2012 China General Social Survey and 2014-2015 China Education Panel Survey for quantitative analysis. Specifically, the inequality is captured via parents’ general tendencies to share paid job and unpaid care, and concrete paternal relative contributions to different types of child-rearing. CGSS independent variables mainly include weekly working hours of individuals and spouses, annual incomes of individuals and spouses, education levels of individuals and spouses, individual gender ideology, individual parenting belief and individual work-family conflict; and CEPS independent variables mainly include parental education levels, parental occupation types and intergenerational childcare. Two major conclusions are drawn from the analysis based on descriptive statistics and multivariate linear regression models. Firstly, there are gendered differences in factors that shape the parenting （in）equality. For men, the spouse’s low occupational/labor earnings, traditional gender ideology, and high job satisfaction render them inclined to women taking on more childcare responsibility. For women, personal low share of household gross income, high share of household occupational/labor income, low identification with intensive parenting and high work-family conflict make them tend to increase male care participation. Secondly, there are both similarities and differences in factors of gender inequality among different caregiving activities. For one thing, for the three types of care, fathers’ high education and mothers’ low education both have positive effects on the proportion of paternal time. For another, parental employment has little effect on the gender division of recreational care, which is mainly affected by structural factors such as child sex and migration. Nevertheless, mothers’ high-end non-agricultural occupation and fathers’ engagement in individually-owned business respectively increase and decrease fathers’ contribution to living routine care, and mothers’ primary labor may enable parents to participate in schoolwork tutoring equally. Finally, grandparenting only reduces the percentage of fatherhood in the field of play and entertainment. Accordingly, the empirical results are interpreted and discussed, and policy implications are proposed in terms of three major policy tools of time compensation, childcare services and income supplement. Focuses of time compensation are to narrow the gender gap in the length of leave and to guarantee the income safety of caregivers on leave. For childcare services, development ideas are to enhance the supply capacity and socialization level of nursery services, and strengthen the leading role of moderately inclusive welfare. Regarding income supplement, future directions are low-to-medium-level universal child allowance and tax credits with wide-coverage and diversification.
