洗涤是家庭生活不可缺少的活动，但也造成了较大环境影响。在我国城市化进程不断加快的背景下，城市居民洗涤行为的绿色化具有较强的现实意义。本研究运用生命周期分析（LCA）方法，揭示了中国城市居民洗涤行为的环境影响，阐明了环境影响的主要贡献因素及改进潜力，提出了改变洗涤行为以降低各项环境影响的努力方向。同时，研究比较了不同区域和人群的洗涤行为与环境影响差异，提出了绿色洗涤宣传教育建议。研究结论为改变居民洗涤行为提供指导，为决策部门引导消费者开展绿色消费提供依据，为洗涤用品行业的绿色转型与产品绿色设计提供参考，具有重要应用价值。研究于2021年通过网络问卷，调查收集中国城市居民洗涤行为数据，根据人口统计分布进行分层抽样，总计获得有效样本2942份。研究进而基于文献与LCA数据库数据构建了洗涤行为环境影响评价模型，计算了洗涤行为造成的全生命周期环境影响。问卷调查结果显示，每个中国城市家庭平均每年的洗涤总量为703千克，洗衣机用电与用水分别为57.8千瓦时和8.31立方米，并有1.56千克衣物由于被洗坏而废弃。居民具备总体的洗涤行为环境影响意识，但缺乏具体行动知识，例如居民对洗衣机耗水耗电的认知、衣物护理的意识均有待提升，因此需要加强相关知识科普工作。生命周期分析显示，平均每个中国城市居民每年在洗涤过程中产生5.33立方米的水资源消耗潜势，11.5千克标准油当量的化石资源消耗潜势，36.5千克二氧化碳当量的气候暖化潜势，以及0.0558千克磷当量的水体富营养化潜势，不确定性分析结果相对稳健可靠。相比滚筒洗衣机，使用波轮洗衣机能显著降低气候暖化和化石资源消耗；相比洗衣液，使用洗衣粉能显著降低水体富营养化；减少洗涤过程衣物废弃能显著降低水资源消耗。建议政策制定者引导居民采取上述行为，洗衣机厂商提高产品能效，衣物与洗涤剂生产商加大洗涤过程衣物护理研究，消费者应根据衣物洗涤标签合理洗涤。洗涤行为人群差异分析显示，20-30岁左右的年轻城市家庭群体洗涤环境影响最大，宣传教育中应特别注意对年轻群体的引导。居民对洗涤行为环境影响的认知与行动的相关性较弱，宜推动企业绿色生产、产品生态设计，并在绿色洗涤行为科普中包含具体的行动方案。
Laundry washing generates significant environmental impacts. With rapid urbanization in China, research on green laundry washing of urban residents becomes necessary. This research investigated the washing patterns of Chinese urban residents, estimated their environmental impacts with life cycle assessment and identified the main contributing factors. It also analyzed the differences of washing behavior among different people and put forward suggestions. Research gives green washing solutions to residents, lays basis for education, and guides the green transformation of washing products industry.Research conducted an online survey in 2021 on Chinese urban residents with stratified sampling, and 2942 effective samples were collected in total. Survey results show that on average, each Chinese urban family consumes 57.8 kW.h of electricity and 8.31 m3 of water in washing, washes 703 kg of clothes, and discards 1.56 kg of clothes due to the damage caused by the washing process every year. Residents have overall awareness of the environmental impact of washing, but lack specific action knowledge.Life cycle assessment shows that on average, each urban resident creates 5.33 m3 of water depletion potential, 11.5 kg of fossil depletion potential, 36.5 kg CO2-eq of global warming potential and 0.0558 kg Phosphorus(P)-eq of freshwater eutrophication potential in machine washing each year. Sensitivity analysis shows that using impeller machine, compact powder detergents and reducing clothing disposal has high environmental benefits. Therefore, policy makers should focus on the above-mentioned washing behavior to guide green washing. Washing machine manufactures need to improve machine efficiency. Clothing and detergent manufacturers need to prolong clothing lifetime, and consumers should also apply the washing methods listed on washing labels.Group analysis shows that young families have the highest environmental impacts of washing per person. Therefore, more attention should be paid to promoting green washing for young families. Correlation between environmental cognition and washing behavior of residents is weak, so companies should take more actions, and detailed suggestions on green washing should be put forward to guide green washing behavior.
