宗教极端主义治理是多年来新疆工作的重要内容之一。过去五年，新疆反恐与宗教极端主义治理工作取得了显著成效。同时，美国推行“以疆制华”战略，恶意歪曲新疆极端主义治理工作，以图贬损中国国际形象。本文综合采用文献研究、描述性分析的定量研究、访谈研究等方法，从新疆宗教极端主义产生与发展的宏观与微观机制、新疆宗教极端主义治理体系、宗教极端主义治理的国际经验三个方面对新疆宗教极端主义治理进行全面的研究和分析。发现：1）伊斯兰极端主义是伊斯兰世界应对现代化挑战受挫后产生的畸形结果，西方国家在其中发挥了重要作用，新疆宗教极端主义是由国外渗透而形成的；2）新疆自然环境、人口分布、经济发展的南北差异相互重叠是宗教极端主义在新疆发展蔓延的社会经济背景；3）社会网络在新疆宗教极端主义传播中发挥重要作用，群众法律意识薄弱与辨识能力不足是新疆宗教极端主义传播的重要因素；4）新疆宗教极端主义治理体系具有法治化、系统化的特征，去极端化治理涵盖保护合法宗教发展、打击非法宗教活动、转化极端化人员、加强去极端化教育、促进经济社会发展等多个方面；5）在国际社会的反恐实践中，世俗国家政府非常强调开展去（反）极端化工作，在去极端化原则方面均强调打击、转化与预防的结合，但因国情不同，在具体措施方面各国间存在一定差异。在上述研究基础上，本文尝试对下一阶段新疆宗教极端主义治理提出四条政策建议：1）提升宗教极端主义治理的国际合作与国际交流水平；2）加强对新疆宗教极端主义治理相关领域的学术研究；3）有序有计划的实现新疆宗教极端主义治理中心向去极端化、反极端化过渡；4）促进新疆整体发展水平同时，促进南北疆协调发展，既包括经济发展的南北协调，也包括人口发展的南北协调。
Religious extremism governance has been one of the most important content of governing Xinjiang for many years. In the past five years, Xinjiang has been made remarkable progress in combating terrorism and religious extremism. Meanwhile, the United States has pursued the strategy of ＂controlling China with Xinjiang＂ and maliciously distorted the governance of combating extremism in Xinjiang in an attempt to tarnish China‘s international image. In this paper, literature research, descriptive analysis of quantitative research, interview research and other methods are used to make a comprehensive study and analysis of the governance of religious extremism in Xinjiang from three aspects: the macro and micro mechanisms of the emergence and development of religious extremism in Xinjiang, the governance system of religious extremism in Xinjiang, and the international experience of religious extremism governance. It is found that 1） Islamic extremism is an abnormal result of the Islamic world‘s frustrated in meeting the challenges of modernization, in which Western countries play an important role, and religious extremism in Xinjiang is formed by foreign infiltration; 2） The social and economic background of the development and spread of religious extremism in Xinjiang is the overlapping differences in natural environment, population distribution, and economic development between the south and the north of Xinjiang; 3） The social network plays an important role in the spread of religious extremism5, and the weak legal awareness and insufficient identification ability of the masses are the important factors in the spread of religious extremism in Xinjiang; 4） The governance system of religious extremism in Xinjiang is characterized by rule of law and systematization, and the governance of eliminate the religious extremism covers many aspects such as protecting the development of legitimate religions, combating illegal religious activities, converting extremist personnel, strengthening anti-extremism education, and promoting economic and social development; 5） In the anti-terrorism practice of the international community ,the governments of secular countries attach great importance to the work of eliminating and countering extremism, emphasizing the combination of crackdown, conversion and prevention, due to different national conditions, there are certain differences among countries in specific measures. Based on the researching results above, the paper tries to put forward four policy recommendations for the next stage of religious extremism governance in Xinjiang: 1） Enhancing the level of international cooperation and international exchange in religious extremism governance; 2） Strengthening the academic research on areas related to the governance of religious extremism; 3） Realizing the transition of the religious extremism governing center in Xinjiang to the eliminating and countering extremism by taking orderly and planned measures; 4） Promoting the overall development level of Xinjiang, meanwhile promoting the coordinated development in the south and the north of Xinjiang, including economic development and population development between the south and the north.
