绝缘部件承受的电场分布不均匀，增加了设计难度和制造成本，并且危害安全运行。在现有绝缘材料上设计出均匀电场，有利于缩小设备体积、节约环境资源、提高运行可靠性，但也是公认的难题。本文创新性地在材料（部件）成型过程中引入交流电场，操纵填料微粒在基体中的分布状态，制备出高性能的电场自适应功能材料（非线性电导复合材料和介电功能梯度复合部件），有利于电工材料技术变革和特高压电网建设。针对直流系统对非线性电导参数的不同要求，提出一种低填充量复合材料非线性电导参数宽范围调控的理论与方法，利用电场辅助制备了四针状氧化锌/碳纤维/液体硅橡胶（T-ZnOw/CF/LSR）三元体系复合材料。通过CF的电致旋转促使T-ZnOw形成紧凑的网络，引入大量接触界面和非线性肖特基势垒，提高电导非线性系数；通过调节两种填料的用量及比例，改变CF的取向度，调控压敏场强阈值。基于此方法，在填充比例（25 phr）低于逾渗阈值时，制备出同时具备高非线性系数（11.7）和低阈值场强（420 V/mm）的非线性电导复合材料。从介电功能梯度绝缘部件的实际需求出发，提出面向工业应用的“以电治电”制备新理论与完善的工艺流程。通过图像处理定量表征了微粒的自组装行为，并模拟了自组装对复合材料介电常数的影响。测量交流电场中粘弹性流体复合材料的介电常数，建立了基于时间常数的介电常数暂态分析模型。将暂态模型耦合弱梯度空间电场，构建了粘弹性流体复合绝缘部件介电常数的时空演变模型，仿真显示施加辅助电压可以有效提升空间电场均匀性。考虑材料体系选取、操作窗口控制、过程参数优化、完善工艺流程、固化前后参数变化等实际问题，提出“以电治电”介电功能梯度绝缘部件制备新方法。基于这种理论方法，利用交流电场辅助制备了两种介电功能梯度绝缘子。所得绝缘子的局部放电和沿面闪络特性均得到提升，且初始电场越不均匀，提升幅度越大：初始不均匀系数12.7，闪络电压提升31%，初始不均匀系数3.5，闪络电压提升12.4%。
The non-uniform electric field that the insulation structure is undergoing greatly increases the design difficulty and manufacturing cost of electrical equipment, and jeopardizes the safe operation of the system. Designing uniform electric fields on existing insulation structures is conducive to reducing device size, saving environmental resources, and improving operational reliability, but it is also a well-recognized challenge. In this paper, we have innovated to introduce AC electric field assistance in the molding process of materials (components) to manipulate the distribution state of filler particles in the matrix and prepared high-performance electric field adaptive functional materials (nonlinear conductivity composites and dielectric functional gradient composites), which is beneficial to the technological change of electrical materials and the development of UHV power grids.To address the different requirements of DC system on nonlinear conductivity parameters, a theory and method for the wide range regulation of nonlinear conductivity parameters of composites with low filler content is proposed, and the tetra-needle zinc oxide/carbon fiber/liquid silicone rubber (T-ZnOw/CF/LSR) ternary system composites are prepared with the assistance of electric field. The electrogenic rotation of CF drives T-ZnOw to form a compact network, introduces a large number of contact interfaces and nonlinear Schottky barriers, and improves the conductivity nonlinearity coefficient; by adjusting the ratio of T-ZnOw and CF, the orientation of CF and the electric field proportionality coefficient are changed to regulate the nonlinear field strength threshold. Based on this theory and method, nonlinear conductive composites with both high nonlinear coefficient (11.7) and low threshold field strength (420 V/mm) were prepared when the filling ratio (25 phr) was lower than the overpermeability threshold.A new theory of "Treating E with E" for industrial applications and preparation process are proposed for the practical needs of dielectric functional gradient insulation components. The self-assembly behavior of the particles is quantitatively characterized by image processing, and the effect of self-assembly on the dielectric constant of the composites is simulated. A transient model of the dielectric constant based on the time constant was established by measuring the dielectric constant of viscoelastic fluid composites in an AC electric field. The transient model is coupled with the weak gradient spatial electric field to construct a spatial and temporal evolution model of the dielectric constant of the viscoelastic fluid composite insulating parts, and the simulation shows that the application of auxiliary voltage can effectively improve the spatial electric field uniformity. Considering the practical problems of material system selection, process parameter optimization, preparation process, and parameter changes before and after material curing, a new method for the preparation of dielectric functional gradient insulating parts is proposed. Based on this theoretical approach, two types of dielectric gradient insulators were prepared with the aid of AC electric field. The partial discharge and along-surface flashover characteristics of the resulting insulators were improved, and the more inhomogeneous the initial electric field was, the greater the improvement was: the initial inhomogeneity factor of 12.7 increased the flashover voltage by 31%, and the initial inhomogeneity factor of 3.5 increased the flashover voltage by 12.4%.
