抗美援朝战争是二战结束后、冷战格局下爆发的第一场大规模国际性局部热战。出兵朝鲜的决定是在敌我力量悬殊下的一次艰难决策，为引导群众认清战争本质和参战必要性，消除厌战情绪和恐美、崇美、亲美思想，迫切需要利用宣传手段动员一切力量认同并以实际行动支援这场战争。本文聚焦抗美援朝宣传的具体实践活动，根据一系列历史研究材料，使用文本分析、案例研究和文献计量等方法，探讨抗美援朝宣传是如何开启、构建和变迁的。抗美援朝战争期间有着自上而下、覆盖党内外、城市农村的战时宣传网络和体系，从中央到地方、从大众传播到人际传播，在整个抗美援朝宣传中有着清晰的体现与结合，使得“每一处每一人都受到抗美援朝的爱国教育”，彰显了组织在宣传中的作用。同时抗美援朝的宣传工作配合、加速了国内宣传体系与网络的人才培养和队伍建设。笔者借鉴柯文“历史三调”的历史认知方式增加个人经历和宣传发展变迁的视角，并把抗美援朝宣传的构建分为媒介形式构建与非媒介形式构建。在媒介构建中讨论以报纸、广播为代表的新闻媒介和以文学、戏剧影视、歌曲为代表的非新闻媒介对抗美援朝宣传的构建。以“志愿军”命名、“抗美援朝，保家卫国”口号、社会运动、大众生活和个体经历为视角，以史实为基础展现非媒介方式的宣传构建。抗美援朝的宣传以爱国主义为切入点，具有宣传的组织化、社会化、历时性与共时性相结合等特点。 70年来，抗美援朝宣传随着时间变化不断变迁，在不同时代背景之下有着不同的主题、形式、功能和呈现方式，从一开始表达反抗美帝侵略、时事宣传、号召开展群众运动，到倡议人们积极投入生产和建设、呼吁和平，再到纪念历史、学习和传承抗美援朝精神、发展国防建设等，每一次宣传主题变化的背后都蕴含着社会的需要和时代赋予宣传的使命。这种变化不仅意味着时间的流转，还意味着纪念空间的扩展、记忆社群的扩大、代际的更替和历史对价值观建设的影响。从历史的逻辑来看，抗美援朝宣传变迁的过程体现了宣传动力的变化，政治、外交和技术是其中最重要的因素，中美关系更是影响抗美援朝宣传的重中之重。总体来看，抗美援朝宣传的变迁是一个扩散、刻意遗忘与再生产的过程，国家和社会在从历史中汲取能量，在后抗美援朝时代获得政治或宣传方面的需要。
The War to Resist US Aggression and Aid North Korea was the first large-scale international local hot war that broke out after the end of World War II and in the context of the Cold War. China confronted a tough decision to send troops to North Korea in view of the disparity between two sides. It was urgent to utilize publicity means to mobilize all forces to identify and take part in the war with practical actions, so as to guide the masses to understand the nature of the war and the necessity of participating in the war, to eliminate the war-weariness and the "U.S.-phobic", "U.S.-worship", and "pro-American" ideology. Focusing on the specific publicity practice during the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid North Korea, this paper uses textual analysis, case studies, and bibliometrics and other methods based on a series of historical research materials to explore the way of its publicity initiation, construction and changes. The top-down wartime publicity network and system during the War, covering both inside and outside the Party and urban and rural areas, was clearly reflected and integrated throughout its publicity from the central to the local level, from mass communication to interpersonal communication so that "anyone in any place could receive patriotic education" which demonstrated the significance of publicity. Meanwhile, the publicity work during this period coordinated and accelerated the talent training and team building of domestic publicity system and network. The author draws on Paul A. Cohen " History in Three Keys" and adopts the perspective of personal experience and the evolution of publicity development. And the publicity construction is divided into media and non-media forms. Among the media construction, we discuss the construction of the war’s publicity by the press, represented by newspapers and radio, and by the non-press media, represented by literature, drama, film, and song. China also put forward the name of "Volunteer Army", and the slogan "resisting US aggression and aiding North Korea to defend the country" and also applied on-media publicity such as social movements, mass life and individual experience based on historical facts. The publicity during the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid North Korea took patriotism as the starting point, and was characterized by systematism, socialization, and the combination of diachronic and synchronic methods. In the past 70 years, the publicity of this war has witnessed great changes over time and has demonstrated different themes, forms, functions and presentations in different contexts. Initially, the publicity emphasized the resistance to American aggression, current affairs, and launch of mass movements. Later, the goal of publicizing this war was changed into the initiatives for people to actively engage in production and construction and calling for peace. Currently, the publicity aims at commemorating history, learning and inheriting its spirit, and developing national defense, etc. Changes of publicity themes caters to the needs of social development and also the missions of different periods. These changes imply not only the flow of time, but also the expansion of the commemorative space and the memory community, the change of generations and the influence of history on the construction of values. From the logic of history, the process of publicity changes in the the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid North Korea period reflects the changes of publicity motivations, among which politics,diplomacy and technology are the most important factors, and Sino-U.S. relations are the most important factors affecting its publicity. Overall, the publicity changes of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid North Korea is a process of proliferation, deliberate forgetting, and reproduction. The country and society draw energy from history and gain political or publicity needs in the post-War era.
