纤维和织物的发展对人类社会的进步和发展具有重要意义。近年来，新兴的智能纤维和织物已成为柔性电子领域的重要分支，引起了人们的极大兴趣和广泛研究。纳米碳材料如碳纳米管、石墨烯等，由于其独特的sp2杂化六元环结构，表现出优异的导电性、化学稳定性及良好的机械柔性。将纳米碳材料与纤维或织物以物理或化学键合的形式结合在一起有望满足目前智能纤维和织物对材料的需求。以制备个性化智能纤维和织物为目标，本论文发展了激光直写和高温制备智能织物的方法，实现了Kevlar基和蚕丝基智能织物的制备，并探索了织物在个人健康管理包括可穿戴传感、柔性能源、个人热管理、空气过滤等方面的应用。主要研究成果如下： 一、基于激光直写技术，发展了石墨烯/Kevlar“两面神”智能织物的制备方法。使用CO2激光辐照Kevlar纤维将产生高温，导致Kevlar分子链的解聚和纤维的烧蚀。然后，剩余的碳原子重组形成石墨烯。在此基础上开发了织物基锌空气电池、心电电极、气体传感器和弯曲传感器等柔性电子器件，并制备了自供电智能防护服和智能手套。 二、将激光书写方法用于蚕丝纤维和织物，实现了飞秒激光对单根蚕丝的非热熔性加工：基于光学近场增强效应可加工出宽约64 nm的椭圆孔，并且经过加工后的蚕丝纤维能够保持原先的分子结构和良好的力学性能；制备了导电性良好的石墨烯/蚕丝“两面神”智能织物，展示了其在人体热管理和温控变色织物方面的应用。 三、基于碳化丝绸导电碳织物设计制备了柔性自供电磁传感器，用于预警磁场危险和检测人体关节运动。进一步的，利用碳热冲击法提升导电碳织物石墨化程度，通过在滴加乙醇盐溶液后的碳织物两端施加40 V、50 ms脉冲电压，实现了碳纳米管在碳织物上的原位生长，制备了具有微纳米多层级结构的碳织物，并展示了其在柔性可穿戴传感和空气过滤方面的应用。 四、以碳纳米管纤维为基础，通过对化学成分和多层结构的设计，制备了可拉伸的纤维状超级电容器。基于干法纺丝和后续处理制备了碳纳米管基复合纤维。纤维状超级电容器模仿攀援茎上茎卷须的螺旋结构，可承受850%的拉伸应变，具有良好的电化学性能和循环稳定性。
The development of fibers and textiles is of great significance to the progress and development of human society. In recent years, the emerging smart fibers and textiles have become a promising branch of the flexible electronics and drawn interests from both academic and industrial communities. Due to their unique sp2-carbon, carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanotube and graphene, exhibit excellent conductivity, chemical stability and mechanical flexibility. The combination of carbon nanomaterials with fibers or textiles can be achieved by physical adhesion or chemical bonding, which is expected to meet the demand of smart fibers and textiles for materials. To prepare personalized smart fibers and textiles, laser direct writing and high-temperature carbonization of smart textiles are developed. We fabricate Kevlar-based and silk-based smart textiles and explore the applications of these smart textiles in personal health management, including wearable sensing, flexible energy electronics, personal thermal management, air filtration and so on. The main research results are summarized as follows: 1. Direct writing of laser-induced graphene is realized on a Kevlar textile. Direct CO2 laser scribing on Kevlar resulted in high localized temperature, leading to the ablation and depolymerization of the Kevlar fiber. The remaining carbon atoms are reorganized and “recrystallized” into graphene. Various flexible devices such as textile-based Zn?air battery, electrocardiogram electrode, gas sensor, and bending sensor are developed. Self-powered intelligent protective clothings and smart gloves are prepared. 2. The laser writing method is used in silk fiber and textile. Non-invasive micro/nano processing of natural silk fibers is realized with a femtosecond laser. An extremely narrow nanohole with a width of ~64 nm is successfully achieved based on the near-field enhancement effect. Processing of silk fiber can retain the original molecular structure of building blocks and the pristine functionality of the silk fiber. Janus graphene/silk textile with excellent conductivity is developed by laser writing, which can be used for personal thermal management and temperature controled discoloration textile. 3. A self-powered magnetic sensor is designed based on carbonized silk conductive textile. The magnetic sensor can not only alert the danger of magnetic fields, but also monitor human joint movements. The graphitization degree of conductive carbon textile can be improved by the carbothermal shock method. Carbon textile with loaded transition metal salts in ethanol solution is used as a substrate, which is treated with a pulse voltage of 40 V for only 50 ms and then covered by uniform in–situ grown carbon nanotubes. Due to its unique micro and nano hierarchical structure, the prepared carbonized silk@carbon nanotube textile can be used for wearable sensing and air filtrating. 4. On the basis of the carbon nanotube fiber, an elastic wire-shaped supercapacitor is prepared by designing the chemical composition and multilayer structure. Carbon nanotube-based composite fibers are prepared by dry-spinning and subsequent treatment. The elastic wire-shaped supercapacitor mimics the helix structure of the stem tendril of climbing stems and can sustain 850% tensile strain. The prepared supercapacitor shows excellent electrochemical performance and good cycle stability.
