随着电子技术的发展以及电磁环境的日益复杂，瞬态强电磁脉冲研究得到越来越多的关注。由于其峰值场强高、幅度动态范围大、上升沿快、脉宽较大的时域特性以及超宽带的频域特性，对电子设备造成干扰或毁伤效果明显，与常规电磁兼容的骚扰源有很大不同。本论文针对峰值场强不低于100V/m，频率在兆赫兹到数GHz范围内的单脉冲瞬态强电磁脉冲场的测量，开展三个方面关键技术的研究。 针对瞬态磁场的测量，论文研制了两种多间隙B-Dot磁场传感器。差模多间隙磁场传感器可以有效减小不同方向入射场引起的输出信号不同的问题；另外通过共模多间隙磁场传感器可以将传感器的上限频率提高到目前可知B-Dot传感器上限频率的4倍，传感器测量频带上限可以拓展到3GHz及以上。在此基础上，分析了目前B-Dot磁场传感器的抗电离辐射性能，为B-Dot磁场传感器在电离辐射环境下的电磁脉冲场的准确测量提供依据。 针对瞬态强电磁脉冲传感器的校准，论文提出了一种时域联合校准方法。通过理论分析，验证了上升沿校准和频带校准的等价性以及幅度灵敏度校准与频域校准系数获取的等价性。通过TEM小室和镜面单锥对传感器两方面的性能进行分别校准，提高了工程实用性和简便性。此外，通过对基础标准传感器在TEM小室内的校准，从数值仿真和实验上共同证明了传感器与标准场产生装置的相对尺寸对于校准准确度的影响，并提出传感器相对尺寸小于1/5的情况下可以将传感器的校准误差降低到10%以内。 针对强电磁脉冲传感器输出信号的处理，论文采用了一种基于最大后验概率的信号处理算法。该算法能够有效恢复入射信号的电磁场波形，并由于对噪声良好的处理能力，数值积分方法中存在的尾部漂移的问题得到较好解决。另外，针对高斯白噪声和量化噪声两种噪声，在不同信噪比条件下研究了噪声对于信号恢复的影响，并得到在信噪比高于30dB时，其恢复信号的相对误差可以控制在10%以内。 基于以上三项关键技术的研究，论文还实际开展了脉冲辐射天线的辐射电场的测量，以及激光惯性约束聚变装置内的磁场环境的测量。通过两个典型环境下的测量，得到较好的电磁环境分布物理规律，为进一步的电磁环境效应研究以及电磁兼容设计提供研究基础。

With the development of electronic technology and the ubiquity of electromagnetic environment, the study of transient high power electromagnetic pulse (EMP) has received more and more attention. The transient high power EMP has several features, such as high peak field strength, wide dynamic range, fast rise time, large pulse width in the time domain and ultra-broadband characteristics in the frequency domain. As a consequence, it has a significant effect of interference and destruction on electronic equipment, which differs from conventional EMC sources. In this thesis, three key technologies are investigated for the measurement of single-pulse transient high power EMP fields with peak field strengths of not less than 100 V/m and a frequency range of megahertz to 5 GHz. For the measurement of transient magnetic fields, two kinds of multi-gap B-Dot magnetic field sensors are developed in the article. The differential-mode multi-gap magnetic field sensor can effectively reduce the problem of different output signals caused by the incident field in different directions. In addition, the common-mode multi-gap magnetic field sensor can increase the upper frequency of the sensor to four times the upper frequency of the currently known B-Dot sensor, which can expand the upper frequency to 3 GHz and above. On the basis, the performance of the B-Dot sensors against ionizing radiation is analyzed to provide a basis for the accurate measurement of EMP fields in the ionizing radiation environment. For the calibration of transient high power EMP sensors, the article proposes a time-domain joint calibration method. Firstly, the equivalence of rising edge calibration and frequency band calibration as well as the equivalence of amplitude sensitivity calibration and frequency domain calibration are verified through theoretical analysis. The performance of the two aspects of the sensor is calibrated separately by means of a TEM cell and a monocone, which improves the engineering practicality and simplicity. In addition, by calibrating the primary standard sensor in the TEM cell, the influence of the relative size of the sensor and the standard field generation device on the calibration accuracy is demonstrated numerically and experimentally. It is proposed that the calibration error can be reduced to within 10% for the relative size of the sensor less than 1/5. For the signal processing of the output signal of the sensor, the article adopts a MAP-based signal processing algorithm. The algorithm can effectively recover the electromagnetic field waveform of the incident signal. And the problem of tail drift, which exists in the numerical integration method, is better solved due to the good processing capability of noise. In addition, for two kinds of noise, Gaussian white noise and quantization noise, the effect of noise on signal recovery is studied under different signal-to-noise ratio conditions. As a consequence, the relative error of the recovered signal can be reduced to within 10% when the signal-to-noise ratio is higher than 30dB. Based on the above three key techniques, the article also carried out the electric field measurement of the impulse radiation antenna (IRA) and the magnetic field measurement inside the laser inertial confinement fusion device. Through the measurements in the two typical environments, some important regularities of electromagnetic environment distribution are obtained, which provide a basis for electromagnetic environment effect studies and electromagnetic compatibility design.