近年来，爆炸冲击伤日益成为现代战争中士兵面临的主要伤害，亟需研发能有效防护爆炸冲击波的高性能防护装备。多层结构是防护装备中典型和有效的防护形式，例如防弹头盔、排爆服等。然而，由于缺乏有效的实验评估方法和深入的机理分析，多层结构防护冲击波的性能和机理尚不清楚，这制约了其在防护装备中的应用。本文建立了评估结构防护爆炸冲击波性能的实验方法，对多层结构防护冲击波性能进行了实验评估和机理分析，并研究了多层结构设计在软质防护装备中的应用。论文主要内容包括： 针对人体防护工况，建立了基于外场实爆实验评估结构防护爆炸冲击波性能的实验方法。该方法以通过防护结构后的冲击波压力作为测试和评价指标，通过对压力波传播的边界条件进行设计，发明并制作了新的压力测试装置，实现了冲击波压力的精确测量。基于外场实爆实验，评估了硬软复合结构防护冲击波的性能，研究了组分材料力学属性对防护性能的影响规律，揭示了多层结构通过压力波传播和结构变形过程调控冲击波载荷的机理。 基于激波管实验，评估了典型多层结构防护冲击波的性能，揭示了其对冲击波能量的调节机理。通过超高分子量聚乙烯复合材料、木制压层板、聚脲和发泡聚乙烯泡沫等四种轻质材料设计了三组多层结构，评估了材料厚度和层间排布形式等参数对多层结构防护冲击波性能的影响。针对具有多种组分和复杂排布形式的多层结构，发展了冲击波能量传输模型，提出了综合考虑输入能量和能量传递效率的结构设计方法，设计了高性能多层结构。 将多层结构设计应用于软质防护装备，改进了软质装备防护冲击波的性能。以软质防护背心为例，通过激波管实验评估了软质装备防护冲击波的性能，揭示了其与防护目标之间的拍击过程对冲击波载荷的放大效应。基于多层结构防护冲击波的机理，提出了通过增加硬质层和软质层改进软质装备防护冲击波性能的方法，实现了冲击波压力幅值和冲量的大幅降低。 本文针对多层结构防护冲击波性能的实验评估、机理分析及其在软质装备中的应用进行了深入的研究，所取得的研究成果对建立装备防护冲击波效能的实验测试方法及新一代多功能防护装备的研发具有重要的应用价值。

In recent years, explosive shock injury has increasingly become the main threat faced by soldiers in modern warfare. There is an urgent need to develop high-performance protection equipment that can effectively protect against shock waves. Multilayer structure is a typical and effective form in protection equipment, such as bullet-proof helmet, advanced bomb suit, etc. However, due to the lack of effective experimental evaluation method and in-depth mechanism research, the shock mitigation performance and mechanism of the multilayer structure are still unclear, which restricts their application in protection equipment. This paper establishes an experimental method to evaluate the blast mitigation performance of the protection structure, conducts experimental evaluation and mechanism research on the multilayer structure for shock loading protection, and studies the application of multilayer structure design in flexible protection equipment. The main contents of the paper include: Aiming at the working conditions of body protection, an experimental method based on the field explosion experiment to evaluate the blast mitigation performance of the protection structure is established. This method employs the shock wave pressure after passing through the protection structure as the test and evaluation index. Through designing the boundary conditions of the pressure wave propagation, invents and fabricates a new pressure test device, and realizes the accurate measurement of the shock wave pressure. Based on the field explosion experiment, the shock mitigation performance of hard/soft composite structures is evaluated, the influence of mechanical properties of the component materials on the mitigation performance is studied, and the mechanism of the multilayer structure regulating the shock loads through the pressure wave propagation and structure deformation is revealed. Based on the shock tube experiment, the mitigation performance of typical multilayer structures for protection against shock waves is evaluated, and their regulation mechanism to shock wave energy is revealed. Specifically, three groups of the multilayer structure are designed through four lightweight materials, including ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene composite, wooden laminates composite, polyurea and expanded polyethylene foam, and the influence of design parameters, such as material thickness and layer layout, on the mitigation performance of the multilayer structure is evaluated. For the multilayer structure with multiple components and complex layer layout, a new shock energy transmission model is developed, a structure design method considering the input energy and energy transmission efficiency is proposed, and a high-performance multilayer structure is designed. The application form of multilayer structure design in flexible protection equipment is studied, and the shock mitigation performance of flexible equipment is improved. Taking the personal armor vest as an example, the shock mitigation performance of flexible equipment is evaluated through the shock tube experiment, the amplification effect on the shock wave pressure caused by the impact process between the flexible equipment and the protected target is revealed. Based on the shock mitigation mechanism of the multilayer structure, the approach to improve the shock mitigation performance of flexible equipment by adding a hard or soft layer is proposed, which achieves a significant reduction in shock wave pressure amplitude and impulse. This paper conducts in-depth research on the experimental evaluation, mechanism analysis and application in flexible protection equipment of the multilayer structure. The results and conclusions have important application value for the establishment of the experimental evaluation method of protection equipment and the design of new generation multi-functional protection equipment.