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民法典时代的忠诚协议效力研究

Research on the validity of Fidelity Agreements in the Era of the Civil Code

作者:苏可馨
  • 学号
    2018******
  • 学位
    硕士
  • 电子邮箱
    185******com
  • 答辩日期
    2021.05.29
  • 导师
    龙俊
  • 学科名
    法律
  • 页码
    42
  • 保密级别
    公开
  • 培养单位
    066 法学院
  • 中文关键词
    忠诚协议,忠实义务,身份协议,合同效力和执行力
  • 英文关键词
    Fidelity Clauses, the Duty of Fidelity in Marriage, Marital Agreements and Private Autonomy, Validity and Enforceability of Contract

摘要

在我国,忠诚协议的效力和执行力长期以来混沌不清。一方面,立法和司法尚未建立针对婚姻协议的效力认定和司法审查体系,法院和学者因此也鲜有将忠诚协议纳入婚姻协议体系下进行考察的尝试;另一方面,忠诚协议因其涉“性自由的约束和惩戒”的特征,实务中不免遭受公序良俗和负外部性的诘难。婚姻家庭法“回归民法”的背景下,我国应当建立身份行为对《民法典》法律适用的具体规则和司法审查体系,以实现婚姻家庭法和财产法在体系上的衔接、价值取向上的共处。具体而言(1)在法律适用层面,对纯粹的身份行为和婚姻的普通效力下的人身关系和财产关系,以及离婚的其他财产性后果的约定,适用婚姻家庭法的规则,当事人的约定不得架空法律的规定及法院的自由裁量权;对于夫妻财产制范畴下的财产关系,及由此引发的离婚时的财产分割、清算等事项的约定,优先适用婚姻家庭法的规则,婚姻家庭法没有规定或规定不明的,参照适用合同编和民法总则中对法律行为的规定;(2)在司法审查层面,应当建立合同效力和合同执行力的二分审查体系:在合同效力的审查阶段,主要考察缔约时当事人的表意是否真实、自由,以及是否存在夫妻双方以签订婚姻协议的形式从事违反法律、行政法规强制性规定或公序良俗的财产转移的情形;在合同执行力的审查阶段,则重点关注协议的履行是否会导致显著不公平、不合理的实效,或者损害了未成年人及弱势一方的权益。就忠诚协议所面临的具体问题,本文认为目前认为忠实义务不可约定的理由,无论是人身义务不可强制执行,还是违反公序良俗,抑或是道德义务不具法律强制力,都未能产生令人信服的收效。此外,忠诚协议目前仍属对忠实义务落实的需求的合理的回应途径,当然,忠诚协议在举证和社会实效层面的确存在造成负外部性的风险,这是我国婚姻家庭领域未来亟待研究、解决的问题。但因避免负外部性的发生而全盘拒绝忠诚协议的执行力,可能会导致夫妻双方对婚姻的猜忌和过慎投入。

The validity and enforceability of infidelity agreements (clauses) have been chaotic for a long time in China. On the one hand, legislation and the judiciary have not yet established a system for determining the validity of marital agreements and judicial review, so courts and scholars rarely try to include infidelity agreements (clauses) in the marital agreement system; on the other hand, infidelity agreements (clauses) are not immune from public policy and negative externalities in practice because of their characteristics of "disciplines and punishment of sexual freedom". Under the background of the "return to civil law" of marriage and family law, China should establish specific rules and judicial review systems applicable to the law of the Civil Code of Identity in order to achieve the coexistence of marriage and family law and property law in the system and value orientation. Specifically (1) at the level of legal application, the provisions of the marriage and family law shall apply to the agreement between personal and property relations in pure identity and the ordinary validity of marriage, as well as other property consequences of divorce. The agreement of the parties shall not set up the provisions of the law and the discretion of the court; for the property of husband and wife. Property relations under the property system and the resulting agreement on the division and liquidation of property at the time of divorce shall give priority to the rules of the marriage and family law. If there are no or unclear provisions of the marriage and family law, refer to the provisions on legal acts in the applicable contract code and the general provisions of the civil law; (2) at the judicial review level, it shall be established. A two-point review system of contract validity and contract execution: at the review stage of contract validity, it mainly examines whether the party's representation is true and free at the time of contract, and whether there is a situation where the husband and wife engage in the transfer of property in the form of a marital agreement that violates the mandatory provisions of the law, administrative regulations or public order. At the review stage of contract enforceability, the focus is on whether the implementation of the agreement will lead to significant unfair and unreasonable validity, or harm the rights and interests of minors and vulnerable parties.On the specific issues facing infidelity agreements (clauses), this paper believes that the current reasons for believing that the obligation of loyalty cannot be agreed, whether it is non-enforceable personal obligations, violations of public order and good customs, or moral obligations are not legally binding, have failed to produce convincing results. In addition, infidelity agreements (clauses) are still a reasonable way to respond to the need to implement loyalty obligations. Of course, infidelity agreements (clauses) do pose a risk of negative externalities at the level of proof and social validity, which is an urgent problem to be studied and solved in the future of marriage and family fields in China. But the overall refusal of the enforceability of the loyalty agreement to avoid negative externalities may lead to the suspicion and prudent commitment of both husband and wife to the marriage.