在数字时代诞生的粉丝民族主义，越来越成为影响中国对外交往和国家形象的重要因素。从2016年“限韩令”后的韩娱粉丝大规模脱粉开始，到现今频繁在社交媒体上爆发的粉丝民族主义事件，如“饭圈女孩”出征为祖国“反黑”，Dolce & Gabbana、H&M等多个“辱华”服装品牌明星代言人解约，腾讯视频“创造营2021”国际男团选秀节目粉丝“抗日”行动，韩国爱豆的“东洋风”舞台遭抵制等等，粉丝民族主义事件的爆发越来越频繁。和传统的网络民族主义不同，粉丝民族主义有浓厚的亚文化和消费主义色彩，并因为粉丝群体的壮大，成为公众舆论中声量不小的意识形态。本文从对外关系视角出发，梳理粉丝民族主义的生成和演变；接着选取2016-2021年间典型的粉丝民族主义事件为例，根据事件所涉的对外关系领域和目的分为“主权问题类”“商业活动类”“历史问题类”“文化象征类”四种类型，通过虚拟民族志的方法收集粉丝网络行为的一手资料，访谈粉丝政治参与的感受，参与粉丝民族主义行动，对比分析了粉丝在这四类事件中进行民族主义表达的共性和差异性，及呈现出的政治外交态度。并使用话题讨论的热度、组织化程度、持续的时间和官方的介入四个指标，来评价粉丝民族主义的影响力。研究发现，粉丝民族主义实际上是粉丝身份认同优先级改变的产物，它将民族国家认同置于粉丝认同之上，对一切娱乐活动进行政治性审视，并以粉圈斗争的方式对国家利益进行维护。不同类型的粉丝民族主义事件，其影响程度有所不同，越是接近国家核心利益，粉丝们的民族主义表达越激进，组织动员越积极，影响力越大。在所有的粉丝民族主义事件中，一旦有官方的表态，粉丝往往迅速响应或者因此增强信心，尤其官方对外强硬的表达，能点燃粉丝的民族主义情绪，在国际化的追星活动中提升作为中国粉丝的尊严感。这些带有浓厚粉丝文化气质的行为将政治娱乐化，重构了网络政治参与和表达的可能性，并通过一次次的集体行动反过来强化了日常追星过程中的政治性审视，将娱乐政治化，重塑了年轻一代的外交态度，并落实到具体的政治行动，对国内国际舆论以及中国的国家形象产生着不容忽视的影响。
Born in the digital era, fandom nationalism has increasingly become an important factor affecting Chinese foreign relations and national image. From the large-scale demonization of K-pop fans after restrictions of the ROK in 2016, more and more fandom nationalism event has outbroken on social media frequently. Such as fandom girls fight for the country online over the wall, Dolce & Gabbana, H&M and many other insult China clothing brand celebrity spokespersons terminated their contracts and boycotted them, fans of Tencent Video "CHUANG 2021" international bog group formation set off anti-Japanese action, South Korean idol’s oriental stage was boycotted by Chinese fandom, etc. Different from traditional cyber nationalism, fandom nationalism has strong subculture and consumerism, and because of the growth of fan groups, it has become an ideology that cannot be ignored in public opinion. From the perspective of foreign relations, this article sorts out the generation and evolution of fandom nationalism. Then, typical fan nationalism events during 2016-2021 are selected as examples. According to the fields and purposes of foreign relations involved in these events, they are divided into four types: sovereignty issues, commercial activities, historical issues, and cultural issues. Through the method of virtual ethnography, this article collects the information of fans' online behavior, interviews fans' feelings of political participation, and participates in fans' nationalist actions for making a comparative analysis of the similarities and differences of fans' expressions of nationalism in these four kinds of events, as well as their political and diplomatic attitudes.It is found that fandom nationalism is actually the product of a shift in fan identity priorities. It puts nation-state identity above fan identity, conducts political scrutiny on all entertainment activities, and defends national interests in the way of fandom battle. Different types of fandom nationalism events have different degrees of aggressiveness. The closer they are to the core national interests, the more aggressive the fans' expressions of nationalism and the more active the organization and mobilization will be. In all fandom nationalism events, once there is government official statement, fans tend to respond quickly or thus enhance their confidence. Especially, the aggressive expression of the government can ignite the nationalist sentiment of fans, and enhance the sense of dignity of Chinese fans in the international star-chasing activities. These behaviors with a strong fan cultural temperament have made political entertainment, reconstructed the possibility of online political participation and expression, and in turn strengthened the political scrutiny in the process of daily star chasing through collective actions, and politicized entertainment. It has reshaped the diplomatic attitude of the younger generation, and had a significant impact on domestic and international public opinion and China’s national image.
