20世纪以来，作为现代技术后果之一的环境问题日渐突显，传统伦理学在这方面显得无能为力。面对现实问题的挑战，责任伦理学应运而生。在这一领域，汉斯·约纳斯的贡献堪称是首要的。本文主要对汉斯·约纳斯责任伦理学中的责任能力和自然目的论论证进行梳理，从中挖掘责任伦理学对环境关怀的不同层次。在责任伦理学的概述中，本文说明了具有内在进步驱动力的现代技术与古代技术不同，它改变了人的行为性质进而要求责任扩充到新的维度。新责任一方面沿袭传统的责任概念，以主体性的因果能力为前提，另一方面突破了过去近距离的伦理关系，以未来为面向，着重于整体层面，表现出远距离的非交互性和为对象考虑等特征。责任的依据要从主客两方面进行说明，客观方面责任是为对象考虑的，主观方面责任能力本身也是责任的充分条件。进一步地，责任的“应该”离不开对自然目的论的理解。约纳斯认为形而上学的二元论是现代技术问题的根源，二元论否认现世的价值，加剧了人与自然的分离。为了获得一个连贯完整的伦理理解，约纳斯转向自然目的论，提出不同于二元论和唯物主义一元论的涌现一元论。从人自身内在的生命体验和对生命现象的本体论解读，可以得到自然是有生命有目的的理解。这种理解是自上而下的，依赖于被科学进化论支持的人与自然的连续性。自然具有生命不同于有可见边界的生命个体，其整体的目的性指向的是动态的有机关联。自然的目的性不仅给我们提供价值源泉，还充当着责任的根基。依据责任伦理，按人对自然关怀的不同程度可以递进地表现出三个层次，分别是从以人为本的功利性保护，为其他生命自身存活的考虑以及注重生态关联的整体性考虑。因责任理论未对人与自然的差异作出具体的说明，所以对大自然负责的要求缺乏相应的强制力。在具体实践中价值体系的缺乏也容易使得理论流于空洞或者陷入生态专制。实践方面的不足并非表示理论本身完全错误，而是要求更多的科学理论研究来补充。

Since the 20th century, the environmental problems as the bad consequences of modern technology have becoming more and more serious. In order to solve it, the ethics of responsibility to which the contribution of Hans Jonas is significant comes out. This dissertation mainly does research on the argument of responsible capability and natural teleology in Hans Jonas' ethics of responsibility. In the overview of responsibility ethics, I explain the autonomy characteristic of modern technology that is different from the past. Modern technology has changed the nature of human behavior and required responsibility to be extended to new dimensions. Following the traditional concept of responsibility, the new responsibility is still based on subjective causality. While facing the future it breaks through the short-ranged ethical relationship with the characteristics of long-distance and asymmetry. The “ought” of responsibility can be illustrated from two sides. On the objective side, responsibility is for the object. On the subjective side, the mere capacity is the sufficient condition for actuality. Further more, this capacity should be understood in the teleology of nature that is totally different from the scientific explanation whose dualistic presuppose is taken as the root of modern technological problems. To get an integrated understanding about human and nature, Hans Jonas puts forward his emergent monism that is different from monism and dualism. The suspect of purposes in nature originates from human's own internal living experience and the ontological interpretation of life phenomena. It also relies on the continuity between man and nature supported by the theory of scientific evolution. Nature has inner value and is the object of our responsibility from which there are three degrees of the environmental concern. The first one is to protect the natural resources for human’s survival. The second one is respecting other living species and maintaining the diversity of nature. The third one is concerning the dynamical relations in nature and protecting the integrity of it. Finally, I argue that the practice of responsibility would easily break down because of some inadequacy in its argument and the deficiency of value system. However, this problem does not intend to show the impossibility of the practice.