新世纪以来，我国假新闻层出不穷，对我国新闻业的健康有序发展造成了打击。本研究以《新闻记者》杂志2001-2020年“年度十大假新闻”为研究对象，从中发现新世纪以来中国假新闻的基本特征，并结合对多位新闻从业者、专家学者的深度访谈，描绘我国假新闻的媒介生态系统图景，并对我国有效治理假新闻提出意见与建议。 《新闻记者》是上海报业集团、上海社会科学院新闻研究所主办的学术期刊。从2001年开始，《新闻记者》每年都会评选出十个左右传播广、影响大、代表性强的国内虚假新闻进行分析，形成“年度十大假新闻”或“年度虚假新闻研究报告”。本研究以这20年来评选的共计210个案例作为研究对象，从首发媒体、选题类型、制假方法、纠错主体、纠错时间差五个维度进行文本分析，探究这一评选所反映的新世纪以来我国假新闻的基本特征。 本研究还通过对年度虚假新闻评选专家组成员、相关领域学者、多位新闻从业者的半结构化访谈，剖析了我国假新闻的媒介生态系统中不同主体的特征及相互间关系。研究发现，假新闻的信源主体发布信息存在特定意图，在分布结构上向社会新闻领域倾斜，提供信息的能力和质量较低。假新闻的传播主体从职业化传统媒体为主转变为以新媒体为主、职业主体与非职业主体并存；在造假原因上，职业认知偏差是根本原因，专业技能低下、审核把关不严、内部问责缺失、一味追名逐利是直接原因。假新闻的收受主体媒介素养较为低下，存在焦虑、猎奇心理。假新闻的控制主体控制力度不够强大、控制方式不够合理、控制内容有待完善。假新闻的影响主体中，政治性、经济性、社会性影响主体分别通过政治权力手段、金钱手段、社会资本手段对生产传播过程施加影响。在假新闻的媒介生态系统中，这些主体相互互动、彼此影响，共同推动了假新闻的生产与传播。 从假新闻的媒介生态系统中的传播主体、控制主体、收受主体入手，笔者对我国假新闻的治理提出了如下建议：提升传播主体职业素质，规范新闻生产传播流程；增强控制主体管控效力，完善落实各项政策法规；提高收受主体媒介素养，加强鉴别能力监督意识。本研究对假新闻媒介生态系统及其治理的分析为多方共治假新闻乱象提供了解决思路，为我国学界研究假新闻问题发挥了一定积极作用。
Since the beginning of the new century, China’s fake news has emerged one after another, which has dealt a blow to the healthy and orderly development of China’s journalism. This paper takes the "Top Ten Fake News of the Year" from 2001 to 2020 selected by the Shanghai Journalism Review as the research object to discover the basic characteristics of fake news in China since 2000. Moreover, the study conducted in-depth interviews with a number of journalists and scholars, analyzed the media ecosystem of fake news in China, and put forward opinions and suggestions on the effective control of fake news. Shanghai Journalism Review is an academic journal sponsored by Shanghai Poster Industry Group and Journalism Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences. Beginning in 2001, Shanghai Journalism Review has selected about ten domestic fake news that has been widely disseminated, influential, and highly representative each year, forming the "Top Ten Fake News of the Year" or the "Annual Fake News Research Report". The study uses a total of 210 cases selected in the past 20 years as the research object. It analyzes theses cases from five dimensions: the first-released media, the type of topic, the method of counterfeiting, corrector, and the error correction time. Based on the analysis result, the paper explores the basic characteristics of fake news in China reflected in this selection. This study also analyzes the characteristics and interrelationships of different subjects in China's fake news media ecosystem. The main findings are listed as follows. The source of fake news has specific intentions to release information, and its distribution structure is inclined to the field of social news, and its ability and quality of providing information is low. The communicators of fake news have changed from professional traditional media to new media, with professional and non-professional subjects coexisting. In terms of fraud reasons, professional cognitive bias is the root cause; low professional skills, non-strict review and check mechanism, Imperfect internal accountability and blind pursuit of fame and fortune are the direct reasons. The audiences of fake news have relatively low media literacy, and they are generally anxious and curious. The management agencies of fake news are not strong enough, whose management method is not reasonable and the management content needs to be improved. Among the external influential subjects of fake news, political, economic, and social influential subjects exert their influence on the production and communication process through political power, money, and social capital, respectively. In the media ecosystem of fake news, these factors interact and influence each other, and jointly promote the production and dissemination of fake news. The paper puts forward the following suggestions on the governance of fake news in China. Firstly, news communicators should improve the professional ability and standardize the news production process. Secondly, the management agencies ought to improve and implement various policies and regulations to enhance the management effectiveness. Thirdly, the news audiences should enhance the media literacy and strengthen the ability to supervise and discriminate fake news. The paper is expected to provide comprehensive solutions to the chaos of fake news and to play an active role in the study of fake news in China.
