肖像权是一种重要的人格权，随着肖像利用方式不断多元化，肖像权侵权的纠纷也频频发生。对肖像权进行限制、划定肖像合理使用的边界不仅关系到肖像权人的利益，也关乎国家和社会公共利益。2021年《中华人民共和国民法典》完善了肖像权保护的相关规则，其中第1020条规定了特定情形下对肖像权进行限制，该条款为司法实践中的问题提供了法律依据，但在适用过程中依然存在难点。其一，在法条的衔接以及概念的表述上存在模糊地带，“必要范围”、“不可避免”、“公共利益”、等一些相对抽象的概念在界定时尚存在争议；其二，对于不同权利主体的肖像权限制未采取区分原则；其三，集体肖像保护和限制的规则并不明确。针对上述问题，笔者首先对肖像权的限制进行了界定，并对利益衡量这一理论基础加以论证，从他人行为自由、国家利益、社会公共利益三个方面角度证成肖像权限制的正当性；其次，笔者阐释了肖像权限制的原则，即合法性原则和比例原则；再次，本文梳理了比较法上、我国宪法、民法以及其他部门法中肖像权限制的立法规范和司法实践，并从《民法典》第1020条入手，结合典型案例，从社会公共利益、国家利益和多元利益三个方面展开论述了肖像权限制的具体规则。社会公共利益视野下的肖像权限制意在保证肖像权人利益和社会公共利益的良性平衡，在学习研究中，笔者肯定了肖像限制的非商业性目的，明确肖像已公开规则的合理性，并对必要范围作出了界定；在新闻报道中，绝对新闻人物和相对新闻人物的肖像权应实施区分限制，对于后者需要从时间、空间、内容上进行更为严格的限定；在展示特定公共环境中限制自然人肖像权，则需要在权利均衡的框架下，细化限制的考量标准，划定权利行使的边界。基于国家利益的肖像权限制主要是指国家机关为了行政管理、公共事务、国家安全等方面的利益，在履行职责过程中合理使用权利人肖像的情况。笔者对国家机关的内涵、履行职能的范围以及不可避免性展开讨论，主张应当从国家机关履职范围以及肖像使用的必要范围两个方面进行界定，在最小范围内和最轻程度上制作、使用、公开他人肖像。最后，在多元利益纠纷中，本文对于维护肖像权人合法权益的认定因素展开分析；涉及到未成年人肖像时，肖像的使用者需要负担更为严格的注意义务；而使用集体肖像时，应当对集体肖像的限制进行内部和外部的区分，最终实现肖像权人利益、第三人的合法权益、社会公共利益和国家利益间的平衡。

Portrait right is an important personality right. With the diversification of portrait utilization, the disputes of portrait right infringement also occur frequently. It is necessary to define the boundary of the fair use of portrait and make legal restrictions on the portrait right, since it is not only related to the interests of the right holders, but also related to the national and social public interests. In 2021, the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China is formally implemented, which made the right of personality into a separate part and further improved the rules of the protection of the portrait right. The article 1020, which provides a legal basis for judicial practice, established the restriction of the portrait right under the specific circumstances, but there exist some difficulties in the application. First of all, there exists controversy in the definition of some abstract concepts, such as “necessary scope”, “inevitability”, “public interest”, etc. Secondly, the principle of distinction is not adopted for the limitation on the portrait right of different right holders. Thirdly, the rules of collective portrait protection and restriction are not complete.This thesis defines the limitation on the right of portrait, and then demonstrates the theoretical basis. Within the balance of interests, there are three reasons for the limitation on the portrait right: the freedom of others' proper behavior, the national interest, and the social public interest. In the next place, this paper explains the principles of the limitation on the right of portrait, including the principle of legality and the principle of proportionality. Afterwards, we hackle the rules of comparative law, the legislative norms and judicial practice of the restriction of portrait right in China's constitution, civil law and other branch laws. Then focused on the article 1020 of the civil code, this paper discusses the specific rules of the limitation on the portrait right from the perspectives of social public interest, national interest and multiple interests combined with typical cases.In the field of the social public interest, the limitation aims to balance interest between the right holders and social public. In the limitation of portrait right in study and research, this paper affirms the non-commercial purpose of using likeness, clarifies the rationality of the rule of publicity, and defines the necessary scope. In the news report, we are supposed to distinct absolute news figures and relative news figures, for whom the restriction need to be more strict in terms of time, space and content. For the limitation on the portrait right in the specific public environment, we need to refine the criteria of restriction and delimit the boundary of right under the framework of right balance. The limitation on the portrait right based on national interests mainly refers to the fair use of the portrait by the state organs in the process of performing their official duties for administration, public affairs and national security. This thesis discusses the definitions of state organs, the scope of performing their functions and the meaning of inevitability, claiming that the concepts referred should be defined. Also, producing, using, or publishing the likeness may be limited to the minimum extent and the lightest degree. In addition, considered of multiple interests, this paper analyzes the factors for identification of the legitimate rights and interests of the portrait right holders. When it comes to the portrait of minors, the portrait users need to undertake more strict obligations. While using the collective portrait, we should distinguish the internal and external limitations on the collective portrait, and finally realize the balance between the interests of the right holders and the third one, the social public interests and the national interests.