按照国内宪法学界的通说观点，从我国《宪法》的规定出发，可以将基本权利的享有主体分为三类，即一般主体、特殊主体与特定主体。基本权利特定主体指的是由于身体情况、历史因素、社会背景、国家政策、国际形势等多种原因处于相对弱势的地位或本身并不处于相对弱势的地位但出于特别需要而受到宪法特殊保护的社会成员。基本权利特定主体中的绝大多数为弱势群体，宪法对弱势群体进行广泛的特殊保护最早可追溯至由近代宪法转为现代宪法的二十世纪初。在经历伴随着理性、自由与平等的“从身份到契约”社会进步运动之后，人们渐渐意识到在形式正义的背后还充斥着大量不公的社会现象，由此便发起了旨在进一步追求实质正义的“从契约到身份”运动，而以德国《魏玛宪法》为代表的诸多国家的宪法在这一运动中都扮演了积极的角色。其所规定的对众多类型弱势群体的特殊保护在维护弱者人权、促进实质平等上起到了重要的作用。我国宪法中是否也存在基本权利特定主体条款呢？结合基本权利特定主体的定义及认定标准，笔者对现行宪法中的相关条款进行了判别。根据笔者的认定，现行宪法共明确了对少数民族、外国人、劳动者、妇女、儿童及老人等十八类特定主体的特殊保护。而宪法层面对于特定主体的关照并非始于现行的“八二宪法”，我国在建国后的第一部宪法中就规定了对数类特定主体的保护。通过对特定主体相关条款的梳理，笔者发现从“五四宪法”到“七五宪法”再到“七八宪法”最后到“八二宪法”，特定主体整体呈现出“受到较为充分的保护——受到的保护有所减少——原有受到的保护得以恢复——受到更加全面、有力的保护”的态势。同时笔者意识到为了能更加准确地界定宪法所保护之特定主体及特定主体之权利的范围，部分特定主体条款中的表述还有被进一步讨论并加以研究的必要。对于特定主体的认定和特定主体条款所保护权利之范围的界定一方面有利于进一步打通将宪法特定主体“输送”至人权特定群体的渠道，为不断扩大人权主体范围提供必要的法规范理论基础。另一方面有助于发现目前法律对特定主体保护的不足之处，从而能为继续推动对特定主体之保护由宪法原则性规定向法律具体性规定的转化提供理论层面的建议。而除了法律对特定主体之保护有待完善外，宪法特定主体条款自身也可以从整体结构、表述方式及保护对象三方面加以改善。

According to the general view of the domestic academic circles of the constitution, the subjects of basic rights can be divided into three categories, based on the provisions of our constitution, that is the general subject, the special subject and the particular subject. The particular subject of basic rights refers to those members of society who are specially protected by the constitution because that they are in a relatively weak position due to various reasons such as physical condition, historical factors, social background, national policy and international situation, or who are, however, not in a relatively weak position, but are also specially protected by the constitution out of some particular needs. The vast majority of the particular subjects of basic rights are vulnerable groups, and the extensive special protection for them given by the constitution can be traced back to the early 20th century when the modern constitution transformed into the contemporary constitution. After the social progressive movement of “from identity to contract”, accompanied by rationality, freedom and equality, people gradually realized that there were a lot of unfair social phenomena behind the formal justice. Hence, they launched the movement of “from contract to identity” to further pursue substantive justice, in which the constitutions of many countries, represented by the Weimar Constitution of German, played an active role. The special protection for many types of vulnerable groups stipulated by the constitution is crucial to safeguard the human rights of the weak and promote the substantive justice.Are there the provisions of the particular subjects of basic rights in our constitution? Combined with the definition and identification standard of the particular subject of basic rights, the author distinguishes the relevant provisions in the current constitution. According to the author’s opinion, the current constitution specifies the special protection for eighteen categories of the particular subjects, including ethnic minorities, foreigners, laborers, women, children and the elderly. However, the concern for the particular subject in the constitutional level does not begin with the current 1982 Constitution. The first constitution after the founding of the People’s Republic of China had stipulated the protection for several kinds of the particular subjects. By combing the relevant provisions of the particular subjects, the author finds that from the 1954 Constitution to the 1975 Constitution, then to the 1978 Constitution and finally to the 1982 Constitution, the particular subject presents a situation of “being relatively fully protected--being less protected--original protection being restored--being more comprehensive and stronger protected” in general. At the same time, the author realizes that in order to more accurately define the scope of the particular subjects and the particular subjects’ rights protected by the constitution, it is necessary to further discuss and study the expressions of some provisions of the particular subjects.The identification of the particular subjects and the definition of the scope of their rights protected by the provisions of the particular subjects will, on the one hind, help to further open the channel of transporting the particular subject of the constitution to the special groups of human rights, and provide the necessary theoretical basis of legal norms for continuously expanding the scope of the subjects of the human rights. Also, on the other hand, it will help to find the deficiencies of the current law on the protection for the particular subjects, so as to provide theoretical suggestions for further promoting the transformation of the protection for the particular subjects from the constitutional principle stipulations to the legal specific stipulations. In addition to the protection of the law for the particular subject, the provisions of the particular subjects of the constitution themselves can also be improved from three aspects: the overall structure, the way of expression and the object of protection.