近年来航空业快速发展，为提升航空业的运行效率、安全性和环境可持续性，国际民航组织提出了基于四维航迹运行(4 Dimensional Trajectory based Operation,4DTBO) 的概念。基于航迹运行(Trajectory based Operation, TBO) 作为空中交通管理发展的新概念，改变了原有的空管模式、航空公司和机场的运营模式等。飞行管理系统(Flight Management System, FMS) 是机载航电系统的核心功能之一，TBO对于传统FMS 是一场变革和重构，对飞机运行的安全性、信息交互的实时性、时间控制的精确性、自动化工具的可靠性提出了更高的要求。为保障TBO 运行模式下FMS 的可靠性和开发效率，本文研究基于模型的系统工程在FMS 中的应用，提出了面向TBO 的新一代FMS 架构。并针对其中的关键技术四维航迹的生成和垂直剖面优化算法进行了深入研究。本文的主要工作包括如下：（1）面向四维航迹的新一代飞行管理系统架构的研究。本文采用IBM 的Harmony-SE 建模方法，首先识别新一代FMS 的利益攸关者和运行场景，将不同利益攸关者的需求转化为系统需求，进一步进行系统功能分析，实现系统需求向系统功能的分配。之后进行设计综合，将功能和各个子模块对应，完成系统物理架构设计，进行FMS 的软硬件配置。（2）基于风场和温度场的四维航迹生成算法研究。根据给定的飞行计划生成可飞行的飞机航迹点和航路段。首先对飞行计划进行处理，使各个航段之间进行平滑过渡连接。再结合航路点速度/高度约束，形成完整的四维航迹。为了进一步提升航空器航迹预测的精度，考虑气象条件，基于中国气象局提供的气象数据建立风场和温度场模型修正四维航迹。（3）全航路段的垂直剖面优化算法研究。基于成本指数，综合考虑时间和燃油消耗，结合飞机性能模型，利用最优控制理论，对全航路段进行垂直剖面优化。另外，对航路点有所需到达时间要求限制条件下的速度调整方案进行研究。（4）根据构建的FMS 架构，在MATLAB 下搭建了四维航迹生成的仿真环境，采用BADA 数据库中B747-200 的性能参数，以北京首都机场飞往上海浦东机场航线为例，对基于风场和温度场的四维航迹生成算法、基于成本指数的垂直剖面优化算法以及RTA 约束下的四维航迹优化算法进行仿真验证。
The modern aviation industry is developing rapidly. In order to improve the operational efficiency, safety and environmental sustainability of the aviation industry, the International Civil Aviation Organization has proposed a concept of operation based on four-dimensional trajectories. As a new concept in the development of air traffic management, TBO has changed the original air traffic control mode, the operating mode of airlines and airports. The flight management system is one of the core functions of the airborne avionics system. The new generation of air traffic control system for TBO is a transformation and reconstruction of the traditional FMS, which puts forward higher requirements for the safety of aircraft operations, the real-time nature of information interaction, the accuracy of time control, and the reliability of automation tools. In order to ensure the reliability and development efficiency of FMS for the TBO operation, we study the application of model-based system engineering in FMS, and propose a new generation of flight management system architecture for TBO. And we conduct in-depth research on the key technology of the four-dimensional trajectory prediction and vertical profile optimization algorithm.The main work of this thesis includes the following:(1) Research on the architecture of a new generation flight management system based on four-dimensional trajectory. We adopt IBM's Harmony-SE modeling method. First, we identify the stakeholders and operating scenarios of the next generation flight management system and transform the needs of different stakeholders into system requirements. We further analyze system functions and assign system requirements to system functions. The function is corresponding to each sub-module. Finally we complete the system physical architecture design. (2) Research on four-dimensional trajectory generation algorithm based on wind field and temperature field. According to the given flight plan, we process the flight plan to make a smooth transition between each flight segment. Combined with the waypoint speed/height constraints, a complete four-dimensional trajectory is formed. In order to further improve the accuracy of aircraft trajectory prediction, we established wind field and temperature field models based on the meteorological data provided by the China Meteorological Administraion.(3) Research on the optimization algorithm of the vertical profile of the whole route. Based on the cost index, we use the Pontriagin's maximum principle to optimize the vertical profile of entire route, combined with the aircraft performance model. In addition, the speed adjustment algorithm is studied to ensure that the trajectory meets the required time of arrival.(4) According to the constructed FMS architecture, a simulation environment for four-dimensional trajectory prediction was built under MATLAB. Besides, We verified the four-dimensional trajectory optimization algorithm based on the cost index and the four-dimensional trajectory optimization algorithm that satisfies the RTA limit.
