当代中国发展和转型导致快速而深刻的社会结构变迁，引发各种新兴社会力量。政权体制何以应对？广袤多元的基层政治社会中，有丰富多元的社会治理实践案例。这些案例各具相异经验、方针和工作重心，展现体制适应性。然而数十年来，不同实践类型的持续性、能见度和影响力各有消长。“举国体制”逻辑下，社会治理趋向何种实践类型？如何维持适应性？其中“枫桥经验”成为中央有意动员推广、各地积极学习的重要样板。如何从“枫桥经验”理解体制“一统权威”和“治理适应性”之间的协调？各地基层社会治理的多元探索，曾是适应性的来源。然而这种“发散式”适应性当中，地方决策对高层具有疏离性、复杂性、隐蔽性、模糊性。中央向基层释出权力如果“夹带”模糊空间，往往引发基层滥权贪腐、扭曲政策，甚至治理失能，折损适应性。面对体制权威与有效治理的矛盾，兼顾治理激励和权力监管，中央倾向在政治路线层次进行全面控制和动员。而以“举国体制”层次推进“党的建设”、“群众路线”的“群治型”治理机制，展现体制“收敛”趋向。而为了维持这种“收敛式”适应性，“群治型”社会治理也存在两种张力。第一种张力，是经贸增长和社群互动规模扩张，使“干群关系”疏离；第二种张力，则是基层社会特殊性使党的组织建设及动员能力不够完善。维持适应性任务在于：强化群众工作的“密集性”和“亲近性”，以及加强建设党政组织的渗透和动员能力。这个架构下，社群单位互动规模较小、党建基础完善的背景下，重心在于干部作风，如“党的群众路线教育实践活动”和“家风建设”；如果社群互动规模较小、党建基础薄弱，重心在于以“包联帮扶”、“精准扶贫”推进“党的组织建设”；社群互动规模较大、党建基础完善，重心在于互联网信息工具、社区网格化管理等新型治理技术，提升群众工作“密集性”和“亲近性”；而社群互动规模广大、党政工作基础薄弱，特别复杂困难，“干部作风建设”、“包联帮扶”与“网络信息化治理技术”等工作手段需要全面应用、协调。“新时代枫桥经验”作为这个逻辑的鲜明体现，是将“枫桥经验”历史原型中的理念元素提炼、抽象出来，以应对全国范围的社会治理需求，并兼顾举国体制建设以及治理适应性的维系。
The development and transformation of contemporary China has led to rapid and profound changes in social structure. How the political regime responds to the social forces? In the vast and diverse grassroots political society, there are many examples of social governance practices with different experiences, work policies and focus, demonstrating system adaptability. However, for decades, the continuity, visibility, and influence of practice types have fluctuated. What are the types of social governance under the logic of regime? How to maintain adaptability? The “Fengqiao Experience” has become an important model that the central government intends to promote and actively requires local governments to study in various places. How to understand the coordination between “unified authority” and “adaptability” of regime from the “Fengqiao Experience”?The performance of grassroots social governance around the country is the basis of “adaptability” of regime. However, the local decision-making has a tendency of alienatiing, complexing, concealing, and being ambiguous to the central government. If the high-level actors release power to the local and “entrains” a fuzzy space, it will lead to local power abuse, corruption, policy distortions, and even governance incapacitation, which will undermine the adaptability of regime. This constitutes a contradiction between unified authority and good governance. The central government takes into account governance incentives and power supervision, and tends to use political routes for comprehensive control, learning, mobilization, and causes the rise and fall of certain governance mechanisms. Under the “mass line”, the “mass governance” mechanism of “mass prevention and mass governance” with “Penetration of Guanxi” is on the political line under the logic of regime.And the solidification of “mass governance” mechanisms that constitutes “constructions of party”, “mass line” on a “whole country system” level, the “converging” tendencies of the institute logic is shown. In order to maintain adaptability, “mass governance” has evolved into different types. Two tensions are considered to be present. The first one is that after the economic growth and the expansion of the scale of social interaction, the difficulty of “going into masses” increases; the second kind of tension is that the grassroots society gradually breaks away from regime resources and administrative commands. The task of maintaining “adaptability” is therefore to strengthen the “intensity” and “closeness” of mass work, and to enhance the ability of party and government organizations to “penetrate” and “mobilize” the society.Under this framework, when the scale of community interaction is small and the foundation of party building is solid, the emphasis will be on the style of leading cadres, such as “Party’s mass line education practice” and “family style construction”. When the scale of community interaction is small, and the foundation of party building is weak, the idea to governance lies in “party building”. “Support with subcontract” and “precision poverty alleviation” are means for promoting party building. In case where the community has a large scale of interaction and a solid foundation for party building, the idea of governance lies in the “intensiveness” and “closeness” of community work. Internet and information tools, community grid management and other emerging governance technologies have become effective methods in these cases. And if the scale of community interaction is large, and the foundation of party building is weak, this governance pattern is inherently complex and difficult, and therefore requires the “cadre style construction”, “subcontract support”, “Internet Informatization Governance Technology” and other working methods to be fully applied, coordinated and combined. The “New Age Fengqiao Experience” is a vivid manifestation of this theoretical logic. From the original “Fengqiao Experience”, the conceptual elements in this “prototype” are refined and abstracted to meet the urgent needs of social governance nationwide, and taken into account of the system authority and adaptability.
