劳动力市场作为重要的要素市场，在经济发展中发挥重要作用。改革开放以来，中国的劳动力市场发生了深刻变化，例如，法律制度对劳动者的保护逐渐完善，劳动者素质不断提高。从微观角度分析劳动力市场冲击的影响，对于科学评估劳动力市场政策、理解宏观经济问题具有重要意义。本文基于劳动力市场的供给和需求主体——企业和劳动者的角度，分别探讨了劳动力市场的制度规范、技能结构和外部经济冲击对市场微观主体的影响。第一，研究了加强劳动力市场制度规范对企业出口表现的影响。以中国劳动合同法的实施作为准自然实验，构造双重差分方法识别了劳动力保护与企业出口的因果关系。实证结果表明，加强劳动力保护显著降低了劳动密集型行业企业的出口倾向和出口额。作用机制分析发现，加强劳动保护显著降低了劳动力的流动性，增加了企业经营杠杆和劳动力成本，并且提高了出口产品价格。第二，研究了劳动力市场的技能结构对企业内部要素收入分配的影响。劳动与资本要素之间的收入分配，关乎劳动力的再生产和社会公平。利用中国大学扩招的准自然实验，构造三重差分模型识别了技能劳动供给扩张与制造业企业劳动收入份额的因果关系。实证结果发现，大学扩招带来的高技能劳动者供给增加显著降低了企业内部的劳动收入份额。文章构造了“资本技能互补”的理论模型来解释其中的作用机制，并通过实证分析证明：增加高技能劳动者供给会引致资本体现式的偏向性技术进步，促进了企业固定资产投资和资本品进口，造成资本对总体劳动的替代。最后，研究了劳动力市场的外部经济冲击对劳动者的健康人力资本的影响。劳动者的健康人力资本对企业生产率具有重要作用，鉴于此，文章利用中国加入WTO带来的进口冲击作为准自然实验，构造广义双重差分模型识别了劳动力市场的外部经济冲击对劳动者健康的因果关系。实证发现，进口关税降低造成冲击较大的地区，城市个人多个维度的健康表现显著降低。进一步，文章发现地区进口关税降低导致当地企业雇员人数和人均工资显著降低，从而造成区域劳动力市场冲击，导致个体劳动参与减少、工作转换增加、收入减少。研究结论意味着，劳动力市场的健康影响效应将放大贸易开放对当地企业和经济的冲击。
As an important factor market, the labor market plays an important role in economic development. Since China’s reform and opening up, the labor markert in China has experienced profound changes. For example, the protection of workers has improved with the legal system, and the skill level of workers has continued to improve. Analyzing the impact of labor market conditions from a micro perspective is of great significance for scientifically evaluating the labor market policies and understanding some related macroeconomic issues. Based on the perspectives of firms and laborers, this paper studies the impact of the institutional norms, skill structure, and external economic shocks of the labor market on these micro subjects.First, this paper analyzes the impact of institutional regulations of labor market on firms’ exporting behavior. Taking advantage of China’s Labor Contract Law as a quasi-natural experiment, this paper uses a difference-in-differences framework to identify the causal effect of labor protection and firm exporting. The empirical results show that the strengthening of labor protection significantly reduces firm’s exporting probability and exporting value. The mechanism analyses show that strengthening labor protection significantly reduces the labor mobility and increases the operating leverage and labor costs, resulting in increased export price.Second, this paper analyzes the impact of skilled labor supply of labor market on the factor income distribution within firms. The income distribution between labor and capital matters for the reproduction of labor force and social equity. I exploit a difference-in-difference-in-differences strategy to identify the causal effect, taking advantage of the college admission expansion in China as a quasi-natural experiment. The empirical results show that the increase of high-skilled labor brought about by the college admission expansion significantly reduces the labor income share of firms. This paper explains the potential mechanism using a model with capital-skill complementarity, and empirically shows that the college entrance expansion leads to capital-embodied biased technological change and promotes the investment of fixed capital and capital goods import, resulting in the substitution of capital for total labor.Finally, this paper studies the effect of external economic shock of labor market on the health outcomes of local laborers. As a key component of human capital, the health of laborers is important for firm’s productivity. Taking advantage of the import shock caused by China’s accession into WTO as a quasi-natural experiment, this paper constructs a generalized difference-in-differences model for causal identification. It is found that urban laborers in regions with relatively larger import tariff reduction experience significant decrease of health in multiple dimensions. Furthermore, firms in these regions experience signigicant decrease of employment and average wages, resulting in local labor market shock, which is indicated by the reduced labor force participation, increased job switching and reduced income of laborers. The findings imply that the health effect of local labor market would amplify the shock of trade openness on local firms and economy.
