可重构透射阵天线兼具“辐射”和“调相”的双重功能，是一种高性能、低成本、轻薄易共形的新型相控天线。与传统的相控阵天线相比，显著降低了系统的成本和复杂度，在卫星通信、雷达侦测、遥感成像等领域有着广阔的应用前景。国内外可重构透射阵天线技术的研究仍处于起步阶段，诸多设计难点亟待解决。因此，本文首次提出了基于空间移相器的新型相控天线系统架构，并在此架构基础上，重点研究了大角度扫描、低损耗、双极化的1比特和2比特可重构透射阵的设计方法，分析并验证了其辐射特性。针对目前可重构透射阵大角度扫描性能差的问题，本文提出了一种具有宽方向图特性的180°空间移相器单元设计。该单元采用电流反转法实现1比特相位量化，并利用等效磁偶极子原理在E面产生较宽的单元方向图。加工的16×16单元样机测试结果表明，天线可以在E面实现±60°的大角度波束扫描，且最大扫描增益损耗仅为3.6 dB，成功验证了该设计的大角度波束扫描特性。针对可重构透射阵单元幅度损耗较大的问题，本文提出了一种低损耗180°空间移相器单元的设计方法，并设计了一个基于寄生偶极子贴片的180°空间移相器单元，通过单元仿真、样品加工和测试，验证了该低损耗设计方法的有效性。针对双极化可重构透射阵设计困难的问题，本文提出了一种结构简单的双线极化180°空间移相器单元设计。加工的10×10单元的双线极化1比特可重构透射阵样机测试结果表明，天线可实现最大口面效率为22.6%，具有二维±50°波束扫描能力，并进一步验证了独立的双线极化相控辐射特性。最后，本文基于空间移相器的多比特可重构透射阵天线架构，通过将180°空间移相器单元和90°空间移相器单元进行空间级联，提出了一种2比特可重构透射阵单元设计。设计并加工了一部16×16单元的2比特可重构透射阵样机，测试验证了该天线的2比特相控辐射性能，并具有二维±40°波束扫描能力。本文系统、深入地研究了基于空间移相器的新型相控天线架构，提出了多种大角度扫描、低损耗、双极化的1比特和2比特可重构透射阵天线设计方法，成功实现了关键技术突破，可为未来可重构透射阵天线的研究和应用奠定坚实的技术基础。
By integrating the “radiation” and “phase shifting” functions, the reconfigurable transmitarray antenna (RTA) has become a new type of phased array antennas with high performance, low cost, light weight and good conformability. Compared to the traditional phased arrays, it significantly reduces the system cost and complexity, showing promising potentials in applications such as satellite communications, radars, remote sensing and imaging systems. As the development of RTAs is still in the early stage, numerous challenges need to be solved. Hence, this work proposes a novel phased array antenna system architecture based on the spatial phase shifter for the first time. The design methods of large-angle beam scanning, low-loss, dual-linear polarized 1-bit and 2-bit RTAs are investigated, and the radiation performance is analyzed and experimentally verified.To enhance the large-angle beam scanning performance of the RTA, a 180° spatial phase shifter element with wide pattern characteristics is proposed. The element adopts the current reversal mechanism to realize 1-bit phase quantization, and utilizes the radiation of an equivalent magnetic dipole to generate a wide radiation pattern in E-plane. The experimental results of the antenna prototype with 16×16 elements show that the array can achieve ±60° beam scanning in E-plane, and the maximum gain scan loss is only 3.6 dB, thus successfully verifying the large-angle beam scanning performance of the proposed design.To solve the problem of large magnitude loss of RTA elements, a design method of low-loss 180° spatial phase shifter element is proposed by adding parasitic bypass dipoles. The simulation, fabrication and measurement of the proposed element are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the design method of low-loss RTA element.To overcome the difficulty in dual-linear polarized RTA designs, a dual-linear polarized 180° spatial phase shifter element with a simple and easy-to-implement structure is proposed. A dual-linear polarized 1-bit RTA prototype with 10×10 elements is fabricated and measured. The experimental results show that the maximum aperture efficiency of 22.6% is accomplished, and two-dimensional ±50° beam scanning capability is realized. Furthermore, the independent dual-linear polarized radiation performance of the proposed RTA is verified.Finally, by cascading 180° and 90° spatial phase shifter elements based on the spatial phase shifter system architecture, a 2-bit RTA element design is proposed. A 2-bit RTA prototype with 16×16 elements is designed and fabricated. The experimental results show that the 2-bit phase quantization of the proposed element is achieved, and the two-dimensional ±40° beam scanning capability is obtained.This work systematically and comprehensively investigates the phased array antenna system architecture based on spatial phase shifters. Various design methods of large-angle beam scanning, low-loss, dual-linear polarized 1-bit and 2-bit RTAs are proposed. The crucial breakthroughs of several key technologies of RTAs can lay a solid foundation for the future research and application of RTAs.
