厌氧膜生物反应器（AnMBR）面临膜污染的难题，同时厌氧消化有待强化，电耦合AnMBR有望协同控制膜污染和强化厌氧消化。论文以控制AnMBR膜污染和强化厌氧消化为目标，构建了活性铁阳极和惰性阳极电耦合AnMBR，并阐明了膜污染调控和电强化厌氧消化的作用机制。主要研究成果如下：构建了活性铁阳极和惰性阳极电耦合AnMBR。分别采用开路（铁阳极慢速析铁）和闭路（铁阳极快速析铁）方式运行活性铁阳极电耦合AnMBR，发现慢速析铁减缓膜污染发展近20％，而快速析铁加速膜污染发展近17倍。采用开路（无电场）和闭路（有电场）方式运行惰性阳极电耦合AnMBR，发现施加0.5 V的电场减缓膜污染发展近23％。在两种电耦合AnMBR中，厌氧消化强化效果均不明显。 针对活性铁阳极电耦合AnMBR，膜污染层分析发现快速析铁导致膜表面形成严重的铁无机污染，在一个膜污染周期中，快速析铁使得污染膜表面累积的铁离子含量约为慢速析铁的23倍；快速析铁增加了膜表面有机污染近1.4倍，而慢速析铁减少膜表面有机污染近14%。死端过滤发现快速和慢速析铁均降低混合液过滤比阻近90%。混合液性质分析揭示了电极析铁通过电中和改善混合液过滤性的作用机制。进而明晰了电极析铁通过改善混合液过滤性和铁无机污染、铁-有机复合污染沉积正反两面作用调控膜污染的作用机制。针对惰性阳极电耦合AnMBR，膜污染层分析发现电场减轻膜表面有机污染近10%。死端过滤发现电场降低过滤比阻近77%。混合液性质、电化学氧化模拟和宏基因组等分析揭示了电场通过生物电化学氧化改善混合液过滤性的作用机制。电泳对膜污染控制贡献评估发现电泳约等效于0.56 L/(m2·h)的反冲洗。进而明晰了电场通过改善混合液过滤性和电泳驱离污染物调控膜污染的作用机制。构建了可控电位的电耦合厌氧消化反应器，在不同电位下培养电极生物膜，发现电场对电极生物膜厌氧消化的强化与电位有关，施加-400 mV电位可提高产甲烷速率2-5倍，而其他电位未强化产甲烷。生理生态分析揭示了电场通过富集电活性菌Geobacter、提高直接种间电子功能潜势强化厌氧消化的作用机制。将模式电活性菌株Geobacter sulfurreducens PCA添加到厌氧污泥中，发现厌氧消化明显强化，产甲烷速率提高43%-83%，底物残留减少1-12倍。添加电活性菌的厌氧污泥中，细胞色素C浓度提高近2倍，污泥导电性提高近7.6%。进而明晰了电活性菌通过直接种间电子传递强化厌氧消化的作用机制。

Membrane fouling limits the application of anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR). Meanwhile, the efficiency and stability of the anaerobic digestion in AnMBR are unsatisfactory. As an option, electric field was introduced into AnMBR to control membrane fouling and enhance anaerobic digestion. Two types of electro-AnMBR with iron anode and titanium anode were built, and they were named as Fe-AnMBR and Ti-AnMBR respectively. Long-term operation performances of Fe-AnMBR and Ti-AnMBR were investigated here. Then the mechanism of membrane fouling control was clarified in Fe-AnMBR and Ti-AnMBR respectively. Moreover, the mechanism of enhancing anaerobic digestion by electric field was investigated. The main research results were presented as follows.Fe-AnMBR and Ti-AnMBR were built. Fe-AnMBR was operated in open circuit (low-speed iron ions releasing state) and closed circuit (high-speed iron ions releasing state) modes respectively. At the low-speed releasing state, the membrane fouling evolution rate was suppressed by nearly 20%. However, at the high-speed releasing state, the membrane fouling evolution rate was accelerated by nearly 17 times. Ti-AnMBR was operated in open circuit and closed circuit modes respectively. Applying electric field of 0.5 V suppressed the membrane fouling evolution rate by nearly 23%. In Fe-AnMBR and Ti-AnMBR, the effect of enhancing anaerobic digestion was not significant.In Fe-AnMBR, the analysis for membrane fouling layer showed that high-speed iron ions releasing resulted in the formation of serious iron inorganic fouling on membrane. High-speed iron ions releasing caused the accumulation of iron ions on membrane about 22 times higher than that at low-speed iron releasing state. High-speed iron ions releasing increased the organic foulants on membrane by nearly 1.4 times, while low-speed iron ions releasing reduced the organic foulants on membrane by nearly 14%. Dead end filtration presented that both high-speed and low-speed iron ions releasing reduced the filtration resistance of mixed liquor by nearly 90%. Mixed liquor properties analysis revealed that releasing iron ions improved the filterability of mixed liquor by charge neutralization. Finally, the studies revealed that releasing iron ions regulated membrane fouling by improving the filterability of mixed liquor, Fe-organic foulant and inorganic foulant deposition on membrane. In Ti-AnMBR, the analysis for membrane fouling layer showed that electric field reduced the organic foulants on membrane by nearly 10%. Dead-end filtration presented that the electric field reduced the filtration resistance of mixed liquor by nearly 77%. The analysis of mixed liquor properties, electrochemical oxidation simulation and metagenomics revealed that electric field improved the filterability of mixed liquor by bioelectrochemical oxidation. The contribution of electrophoresis to membrane fouling control was evaluated. The results showed that electrophoresis was approximately equivalent to backwash with a flux of 0.56 L/(m2·h). Finally, the studies revealed that electric field suppressed the membrane fouling by improving the filterability of mixed liquor and electrophoresis to drive foulants away from membrane. An electronic anaerobic digestion reactor with controlled potential was constructed. The electrode biofilm was cultivated at different potentials. It was found that the enhancing anaerobic digestion by electric field was related to the potential. Applying a potential of -400 mV increased methane production rate by 2-5 times, while other potentials did not enhance anaerobic digestion. Physiological and ecological analysis revealed that electric field enhanced anaerobic digestion by enriching electroactive bacteria Geobacter and increasing the potential of direct interspecies electron transfer. After that electroactive Geobacter sulfurreducens PCA was added into anaerobic sludge, it was found that anaerobic digestion was significantly enhanced. The methane production rate increased by 43%-83%, and the substrate residue decreased by 1-12 times. The concentration of cytochrome C increased by nearly 2 times and the conductivity of sludge increased by nearly 7.6%, showing that the expression of genes encoding cytochrome C and conductive pili increased. Finally, the studies revealed that electroactive bacteria enhanced anaerobic digestion by direct interspecies electron transfer.